Name: Bell, Zachary
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Scott Wissinger, Kate Darby
Title: Recovery of Macroinvertebrate Communities after Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage
Abstract: Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a type of water pollution that affects many mining regions in Pennsylvania. The Slippery Rock Creek Watershed has installed 12 passive wetland treatment systems to treat mine drainage before it enters streams. Treatment wetlands have increased the water quality of the streams, but increase is not always accompanied by recovery of macroinvertebrates. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which macroinvertebrate communities in AMD remediated streams have recovered. I compared macroinvertebrates to pH and yellow boy of untreated, treated, and reference streams in Slippery Rock Creek. I hypothesized that reference streams would be characterized with more diversity of species and the presence of sensitive species. I also hypothesize that streams with high pH and no yellow boy will contain higher diversity and sensitive species than those with yellow boy. By sampling 12 sites in three different branches I found that reference streams were populated with more diversity and sensitive species. Streams with higher pH had more diversity and sensitive species. I also found that yellow boy negatively affected the macroinvertebrate community. Without the removal of yellow boy from the stream, reclamation and restoration may never reach its full potential.
Name: Bonessi, Chris
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Thomas Eatmon, Kristin Wilson
Title: The Effects of Increased Air Quality Regulations on Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine if the trend of increases in air quality regulations over time have affected terrestrial and aquatic environments is talked about or considered by governmental agencies like the EPA and DEP. The use of interviews with a number of experts in the fields of policy analysis, stream ecology, water chemistry, and air quality regulation were used to gauge the overall understanding and knowledge on the issue presented. It was found that the experts understood the issue and claimed it may be a problem, but unanimously expressed that is not considered at the local or regional level in the regulatory community and may or may not be considered by ‘big picture’ policy analysts at the federal level.
Name: Boykiw, Elizabeth
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Terry Bensel, Eric Pallant
Title: The Effect of Settling Dust in the Arava Valley on the Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Panels
Abstract: Due to the increasing scarcity and growing demand of fossil fuels as a primary energy resource, energy security has become a global concern. The world’s fear of global climate change has increased the severity of this energy crisis problem, while also creating an urgency to find alternative solutions. More scientists and researchers are looking towards renewable energy as a future way to resolve the issues, and they are searching for ways to use renewable sources more efficiently. One example is modeled in the potential for photovoltaic solar energy in Southern Israel. This region has one of the highest solar radiation densities in the world. Unfortunately, dust accumulation is one of the major hindrances to optimized radiation on the solar collectors. Dust decreases the performance of the photovoltaic panels. The intention of this study was to concentrate on the effects of settling dust on photovoltaic solar panels in the Arava Valley, in particular on Kibbutz Ketura. It was concluded that regular dust accumulation decreases the efficiency of solar photovoltaic panels by about five to six percent, which translates to large annual monetary losses. While cleaning the panels would increase panel performance, the cost of cleaning would need to be accounted for in the gross outcome of the solar panel’s economic benefits. This study is considered a base to predict the level of degradation of any photovoltaic system that might be installed in the Arava Valley.
Name: Bush, Greg
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Gordon Whitney
Title: Pennsylvania Ruffed Grouse Habitat Assessment of Crawford County Local Game Land: High vs. Low Populated Areas
Abstract: The North American Ruffed Grouse is the one native, sedentary game bird that is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific; it inhabits a larger area than any other nonmigratory game bird. The extremities of its range are even greater north to south than east to west. (Edminster, 1954) Not to mention, the North American Ruffed Grouse has been honorably titled as Pennsylvania’s State Game Bird. But the rate of declining population for the North American Ruffed Grouse has been increasing over the decades. Decline in population has been due crucially by poor habitat structure and availability of necessary resources. Based upon previous drumming count survey done in Pennsylvania Game Land No. 69, of Crawford County, an examination of habitat was conducted from the high to low population density in order to determine why ruffed grouse populations in PGL No. 69 are arranged the way they are. I hypothesized ruffed grouse are present in some areas and absent in others based upon resources provided by vegetation. After investigative research done in areas of high and low density and the area between, it was determined, but not entirely proven, the main resource for high population density was the amount of food availability. Tree species found in areas of high grouse population consisted of early successional vegetation fluent in aspen and absent of heavy coniferous species. The tree and herbaceous species recorded in the high population density areas provided higher quality and quantities of valuable resources for ruffed grouse than that of species recorded in low population density areas. Because of ruffed grouse population cycles this study must be conducted ever four to five years due to the fact ruffed grouse forest preferences change with every cycle.
Name: Columbus, Courtney
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Thomas Eatmon, Eric Pallant
Title: Growing Greener: A Collaborative School Garden Project with Meadville Area Middle & Senior High Schools
Abstract: Garden-based environmental education programs have the potential to benefit schools, students, teachers, and local communities in a variety of ways, from teaching students how to work in teams to making them more receptive to trying new fruits and vegetables. School gardens can also be an asset to teachers by providing them with a space to engage students in hands-on learning outdoors. The positive feedbacks resulting from involvement in school garden programs can also help students to more fully understand principles of sustainability and include them in their daily lives. Although the logistics become more complicated, a garden program geared towards students in special education classes would provide teachers with an asset for engaging students in interactive learning. To begin assessing the feasibility of implementing a school garden program, a broad sample of middle school teachers were surveyed. Qualitative data on autistic students’ ability to be involved in garden activities added to the information gained from the survey by showing that autistic students could be involved in this project but would require a very thoughtfully designed program. Principles of garden management, including recommendations for setting objectives and goals, implementation, evaluation, and creating a realistic budget, can provide a foundation for the proposed school garden at MAMS.
Name: Darrow, Nicholas
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Kristin Wilson
Title: The Effect of Phenotypic Traits on Biomass Variability Among Upland and Lowland Varieties of Panicum virgatum L.
Abstract: When compared to better known sources, such as wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy, biofuels and biomass energy stand out as promising renewable energy sources. Due to the many advantages that the plant has, switchgrass is a promising bioenergy crop. Switchgrass can be broken down into upland cultivars and lowland cultivars. Lowland cultivars are more robust, and have coarser, thicker stems, while upland cultivars are shorter, and finer with respect to stem and leaf characteristics. The objective of this study was to assess phenotypic traits of the switchgrass plant that provide the best indication of a greater yield, or a larger amount of total biomass. Two plots were assessed, a randomized plot and an experimental plot. Six traits were used in the analysis of the colonies. An analysis of regression values produced two traits that best demonstrate a colony that is able to produce the highest biomass yield. Results from this study show that stem count per colony, and nodes per stem were the two most influential traits. Future studies could look at more colonies within each cultivar, in order to get a more realistic idea of how phenotypic traits affect biomass yield for an entire plot.
Name: Downing, Shane
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Kristin Wilson, Scott Wissinger
Title: Coral Reef Management Analyzing the Characteristics of Marine Reserve Success
Abstract: The world’s coral reefs and marine resources are being depleted by anthropogenic and natural impacts. As such, there is a ne ed for stronger management. Being that the narrative within marine management is to include local communities – the direct marine resource users and stakeholders – into management discussions, it remains unclear what role locals play in the larger question of marine reserve success. This study analyzed nineteen case studies from fourteen countries to identify the relationship between the characteristics of successful marine reserve management and local communities. In general, local inclusion in marine reserve management was important; however, positive attitudes towards management, high compliance with regulations, and singular management objectives contributed most to marine reserve success. Like other studies within natural resource management, this analysis demonstrated limitations of shifting baselines. This study demonstrates that local communities are at the front lines of combating marine ecosystem degradation. Knowing what characteristics of marine reserves contribute the most to management success at a local level will allow managers to better work towards conserving coral reefs on a global scale in the future.
Name: Dyer, Angela
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Jeff Hollerman
Title: Effects of an organophosphate pesticide (chlorpyrifos) on Sprague-Dawley rat body weight in correlation to high fat diet and forced exercise
Abstract: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an organophosphate pesticide (chlorpyrifos) on Sprague-Dawley rat body weight in correlation to high fat diet and forced exercise. Chlorpyrifos was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats daily via a dietary supplement of peanut butter. Rats in the low dose group (LD) were administered oral doses of chlorpyrifos of 1mg/kg body weight. Rats in the high dose (HD) group, high dose and high fat (HDHF) group, and high dose and forced exercise (HDE) group were administered oral doses of chlorpyrifos of 5mg/kg body weight. Of the test groups, the HDE group was exposed to exercise, via an exercise wheel, and the HDHF group was exposed to a high fat diet, additional peanut butter. The control group received peanut butter without pesticide. Initial body weight was recorded, and was recorded every three days for a span of nine weeks. At the end, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. At the start of the experiment, each rat underwent a behavioral analysis, the catalepsy test, and were subjected to the test every other week starting at week four. The behavioral analysis demonstrated no signs of catalepsy in any of the groups. No significant difference in the total time gained or lost was observed for the control group or the test groups, p>0.05. In the body weight comparisons, the test groups in comparison to the control group showed no significant increase or decrease in body weight, p>0.05, which may suggest oral chlorpyrifos exposure does not cause changes in body weight. On the other hand, increase in weight gain was observed in the HDHF group in comparison to the HD group. The HDHF group gained more total weight than the HD group, F (1,8)=5.527, p=0.047. This may be linked to high fat diets exacerbating the effects on body weight caused by chlorpyrifos exposure.
Name: Egger, Catherine
Date: Spring, 2011
Majors: Biology / Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Scott Wissinger, Lisa Whitenack
Title: Basin-wide Analysis of Woodcock and Little Sugar Creeks
Abstract: Sediment loading is a major factor contributing to the degradation of streams. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between land use, sediment loading, and macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages to determine stream integrity in Woodcock and Little Sugar Creek subdrainages of French Creek Watershed. The study combines data from second-order tributary sites with those from middle-order mainstem sites in each stream. For these sites I hypothesized- 1) a negative relationship between forested cover and sediment loading; 2) a negative relationship between sediment loading and fish and benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores, and 3) a positive relationship between watershed forest cover and fish and benthic IBIs. Sampling at each site was done to calculate water chemistry, habitat assessments, fish and benthic IBIs, and suspended and bulk sediment values. Relationships were found between forest cover and fish IBIs and between channel width and fish IBIs. Gradient was found to affect fish richness and benthic IBI scores. Sites found with measurably higher suspended sediment fines than their neighboring sites were concluded to contain non-point sources of sediment runoff and thus are the contributors of any affected sites below the confluence.
Name: Elick, Allison A.
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Kelly Boulton
Title: A Virtual Tour for Allegheny College
Abstract: As a member of the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment, Allegheny College has committed itself to become carbon neutral by the year 2020. Because of this, Allegheny has made significant strides to be a more sustainable campus. In order to showcase the school’s successes with regards to energy consumption, sustainable landscaping, LEED certified buildings, runoff reduction and waste disposal, this senior comprehensive project has designed a virtual sustainability tour for the campus. The comprehensive project includes research done to study the effectiveness of other virtual tours as well as website links to other valuable sources on sustainability. The purpose of this comprehensive project is to educate the public on Allegheny’s sustainable initiatives in a way that will reach a broad spectrum of audiences.
Name: Elliot, Samuel
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Mark Neff
Title: Exploring the Risk and ethics of Implementing Geoengineering to Address Climate Change
Abstract: Our march toward modernity has brought about great things including exponential leaps in medicine, communications and transportation. The process of modernization has also brought about climate change and its undesired repercussions, including the potential for considerable impacts to our wellbeing and environment. To change the shape of things to come, the most straightforward approach would be to drastically reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. To date, this solution has not been implemented at a scale large enough to have a noticeable impact. One solution to working around this gridlock is geoengineering, which is the intentional manipulation of the climate to offset the anticipated impacts of climate change. This project considers whether or not geoengineering is an ethically acceptable response to climate change given our current understanding of climate impacts and options. Classical risk analysis methodologies, dominant ethical paradigms, and the most salient geoengineering techniques are explored. The project concludes that geoengineering is an ethical response to the climate crises, but only under certain circumstances, including but not limited to a respect for the validity of all life, and an effort made to protect life in an equitable and just manner.
Name: Gallagher, Jessica
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Caryl Waggett
Title: Perceptions of Prenatal Health in Amish and Mennonite Populations in Northwest Pennsylvania
Abstract: Amish and Mennonite populations have been a fixture throughout Northwest Pennsylvania since the 1700’s and have lived in close proximity to the English, as the non-Amish and Mennonite population is called. Proper prenatal care has led to the decrease of miscarriages, maternal deaths, low birth weight, preterm births and birth defects. Babies born weighing less than 5.5lbs are considered low weight and before 37 weeks are considered preterm. The majority of babies born preterm or low weight experience the corresponding issue. From literature searches, personal interviews with Amish women and local midwives, I have concluded there is a local midwives perceive that Amish or Mennonite populations are not disproportionately affected by high rates of pregnancy issues. The claim that being Amish or Mennonite leads to an increased likelihood of preterm or low weight babies in NW Pennsylvania has not been documented.
Name: Gamble, Cedric
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Lynn Zlotkowski
Title: Expedition Allegheny: An Outdoor Orientation Program
Abstract: Outdoor orientation programs are growing in popularity and prevalence throughout higher education institutions in the United States. They improve retention, leadership, and the transition to college while connecting students with nature. Many institutions of similar size, curriculum, and caliber to Allegheny College run outdoor orientation programs. A review of these schools and the literature surrounding outdoor orientation programs was conducted. The result was the necessary information to create an Allegheny College program proposal that will inform and persuade the administration to implement the program. Expedition Allegheny would be an outdoor orientation program offering a week long wilderness trip experience to 16 incoming students and provide leadership opportunities for four upperclassmen. Information on how to implement, run, and expand the program was included within the larger report.
Name: Gardner, Lynette
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Scott Wissinger, Rich Bowden
Title: Legacy Effects of Oil Exploration in Sugar Creek Watershed, Northwest, PA
Abstract: Many studies have documented the close relationship between streams and their surrounding landscape. Land use disturbances have been known to affect stream channel morphology, chemistry, temperature, nutrients and energy cycling, and flow. The cumulative and interactive effects of these non-point source impacts on stream is best monitored using a metric Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) that relies on comparing the biological communities of streams impacted by stressors to unimpacted, or reference, streams. Although there is usually a good relation between the intensity of land use and stream health, there are often outliers that are difficult to reconcile with current land use. Legacy effects from past land-use impacts on streams can sometimes be the explanation for these outliers. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential effects of the oil boom that occurred in the late 1800s in Northwest PA. I compared stream within Sugar Creek Watershed with a legacy of intense oil exploration to those without this legacy. I found no significant differences in biotic integrity, nor land uses between sites with and without legacy. F-IBI scores had a significant negative relationship with percent row crops within the watershed (R2=0.58), and a positive relation to the percent of total forest (R2=0.34). B-IBI scores had a significant negative correspondence with percent developed land within the watershed (R2=0.51) and percent row crops within the riparian zone (R2=0.37). Surprisingly, there were no significant relations between sedimentation and any of the watershed or biotic characteristics. Future studies should consider a multivariate analysis approach in which the interactive effects of watershed size, land use, upstream riparian intactness, and local habitat condition on fish and invertebrate communities are simultaneously considered.
Name: Gaudi, Justin
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Thomas Eatmon, Eric Pallant
Title: Germinated barley (Hordeum vulgare) used as an alternative protein supplement in a Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus) diet
Abstract: The effects of varying supplementations of germinated barley in a Nile tilapia diet were investigated. There were originally 4 separate treatments: Control, 15%, 30%, and 60%. Each treatment was replicated twice. Due to difficulties associated with poor water quality and high mortality rates, the 60% treatments were removed from the study at the mid-point. Measurements were taken at the midpoint (t=16) and the endpoint (t=38). The total mass of fish tank-1 was recorded. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to analyze the data and Fisher’s protected least significant difference (PLSD) was used to further analyze the data. The ANOVA test analyzing weight with the effect of treatment showed insignificant results (p = 0.1603). However, there appears to be a slight trend showing a decrease in weight gaining performance with increasing supplementation in the raw weight gain data. Growth plateaued during the second time interval of the trial, as is expressed in the specific growth rate (SGR) values from the midpoint (0.029 g g-1 d-1) to endpoint (0.014 g g-1 d-1). A reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) values and lack of a method for collecting uneaten food show that the fish consumed less food from the midpoint (0.717) to endpoint (0.355). The results of the study show that germinated barley supplementation can be effectively achieved at 15% supplementation. Beyond 15% supplementation, the results indicate there are detrimental effects on growth rates.
Name: Goforth, Stacy
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Jane Ellen Nickell
Title: Grassroots Organization in the Campaign Against Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining: Effectiveness and Needed Improvements
Abstract: Grassroots organizations have been effectively defending citizens around the world on various issues ranging in subject from political, health, and environmental. In the Appalachian community these organizations have worked dedicatedly to end the destructive mining practice called mountaintop removal coal mining. The mining process is destructive to the Appalachian culture, local communities, and the environment; however the process is cheap and efficient at retrieving coal. For years the organizations working to defend Appalachia have lacked success in ending the mining practice completely. Therefore this research explorers various organizations involved in the campaign against mountaintop removal coal mining, the strategies that prove effective when utilized by grassroots organizations, what the organizations believe are their successful strategies and where there is room for improvement, and how these organizations can become more effective in the future to bring a successful end to the devastating mining practice. However, the research provided does not develop a direct strategy, but ends with an evaluation of the effectiveness of three strategies including: active membership, community outreach, and letter writing. Repeatedly, these strategies became the focus of grassroots organizations including those involved in this specific situation. The conclusion of the research brought about the idea that to further the anti-mountaintop removal coal mining movement organizations must bring the issue to a national level and to increase the number of informed citizens on the issue.
Name: Greathouse, Garrett
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Kate Darby
Title: Identifying Erosion Sites, Common Restoration Techniques, and Cost Estimations along French Creek in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Abstract: Stream bank erosion is a naturally occurring process that occurs in all streams and rivers around the world. Over the years stream bank erosion and the associated problem of sedimentation have been a long occurring problem caused from anthropogenic sources like agriculture, construction, mining, and timber harvesting. This study aims to identify erosion sites and restoration techniques along the banks of French Creek in Crawford County, Pennsylvania. The findings show that of the thirty-five identified sites 54%, 23%, 14%, and 9% were associated with farming, old fields, urban development, and forested landscapes, respectively. This is a cause for concern based on 91% of the identified sites being from anthropogenic sources. Also, 77% of the erosion sites were also located on the outside of meanders. Hard structures, like riprap and imbricated stone, have an immediate protection effect that many engineers like because it is quick and easy. Examples of soft techniques are vegetative plantings, a combination of branch layering, live stakes, seeding, and coir fabric. The goal of soft techniques is to increase the vegetative biomass. This is best accomplished through branch layers because of the sheer amount of planted vegetation and the depth to which it is installed. Using a combination of hard and soft restoration techniques, it was determined that the construction, planning/design, contingency, and complete costs were $3,057,041, $917,122, $1,222,816, and $5,196,969, respectively. The findings of this study began to shed light upon the expensive problem of stream bank erosion.
Name: Haas, Alex
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Thomas Eatmon, Stephen Onyeiwu
Title: Wildlife Corridors as a Means to Allow the Passage of Migratory Animals in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania: A Policy Recommendation
Abstract: The Serengeti Ecosystem in Tanzania, East Africa encompasses 1.5 million hectares and is renowned for it’s rich biodiversity and exotic cultures. The park is home to one of the last great terrestrial migrations of our time, the annual wildebeest migration. The wildebeest are considered a keystone species in this ecosystem, maintaining the park’s current condition through nutrient cycling, grazing successions, and providing a food source to endangered carnivores. The Tanzanian government has proposed the construction of a commercial highway through a portion of the Serengeti National Park, connecting the city Musoma in western Tanzania with the Mto-wa-Mbu junction in eastern Tanzania, in order to bolster the country’s struggling economy. The highway will pass through 54km/34 miles of the Park with a 50m buffer zone on either side of the road. This proposition has been met with heavy opposition from conservationists worldwide because of the known degradation road construction causes. In this project I analyze the arguments from the main players in this situation: the argument for preservation of the park, the argument for conservation to be done in the park, and the argument for economic development across northern Tanzania using a triple bottom line criteria approach. Through my research I have recommended that a conservation approach be taken, in which a compromise of preservation and economic development is reached. I suggest that the highway be built with the addition of wildlife crossing structures that raise the road in certain locations for extended lengths in order to provide permeability of the wildebeest migration while allowing the economic benefits derived from the roads.
Name: Helverson, Emma
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Kate Darby, Kelly Boulton
Title: How Do You Like Them Apples?: A Management Plan for Allegheny College’s Apple Orchard
Abstract: Sustainable agriculture is a topic that has been growing in interest at Allegheny College throughout recent years. This interest is illustrated through the development of several new edible projects on campus, including the installation of a small apple orchard planted in the spring of 2010. The apple project currently has no strategy or plan which defines how the fruit will be used, who will be responsible for maintaining the trees, or what specific management practices are necessary to care for apple trees in Pennsylvania. I addressed these issues by investigating farm programs at eight northeastern colleges, and used the discovered trends to make suggestions for who should care for and benefit from the orchard. Additionally, I created a guide describing all aspects of management that are necessary for an individual or group to follow in order to sustain the trees. Proper management will help the apple trees to maintain maximum health and produce high fruit yields. If the apple orchard is viewed as a successful and sustainable addition to the campus by students, faculty, and the administration, it could open the door for future edible projects at Allegheny College.
Name: Heppner, Alexander
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Kate Darby
Title: Sustainable Ski Poles: A Look Into Popular Materials and Eco-Conscious Alternatives
Abstract: The history of skiing is deeply rooted in mountain cultures from necessity as a means of transport. Today, it has evolved into a modern and extreme sport that has many forms. From Nordic and alpine racing to back-country pursuits, modern day skiing utilizes many resources beyond the traditional wood material. This project focuses specifically on the ski pole and the two dominant materials used: aluminum and fiber composite material. Additionally, bamboo, often underutilized in skiing, is also assessed from an ecological and production viability standpoint. A life cycle assessment on aluminum, fiber composite material, and bamboo is performed and discussed, resulting in the exposure of how environmentally degrading aluminum and fiber composite manufacturing are. The resulting discussion opens a potential corridor to the utilization of a bamboo composite material that has the ability to be the best of both worlds, modern performance with an improved eco-footprint.
Name: Hill, Emily
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Kristin Wilson, Eric Pallant
Title: Experience Allegheny: An interpretive guide to hiking the Robertson Complex and Greendale Cemetery Trails for the Allegheny Community, Meadville, Pennsylvania
Abstract: The use of local hiking trails has many mental, emotional and physical benefits. The primary reason for under-use of local trails is due to a lack of awareness of them. Hiking guides help increase awareness of trails as well as foster environmental appreciation. Additionally, locally-based hiking guides promote a sense of place and belonging within the community as well as in the place. Allegheny College, located in Meadville, Pennsylvania could benefit from the creation of a trail guide highlighting the opportunities for students within the immediate vicinity of the campus community. The goal of this project is to produce a comprehensive guide to the Robertson Complex and Greendale Cemetery trails that encourages nature exploration, and enhances people’s knowledge and understanding of the area geology, history, and biological story by emphasizing the importance of connecting with nature using all five senses.
Name: Huser, Kaitlyn A.
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Caryl Waggett, Eric Pallant
Title: Assessing the effectiveness of cleaning for lead dust and communicating results on family cleaning patterns
Abstract: There were two purposes for this study. The first purpose of the study was to determine whether participants’ cleaning behaviors changed after the two cleaning visits or through knowledge of pre-cleaning dust lead levels to post-cleaning dust lead results. The second purpose was to determine if dust lead results were reduced after cleaning. Six Crawford County families consented to participate in the study, which consisted of dust lead testing in their home, two cleaning visits, administration of an oral open-ended questionnaire, and a follow-up phone call. Healthy Homes-Healthy Children (HHHC) research associates tested each of the residents’ homes for lead prior to the intervention. During the first visit I performed a “deep cleaning” in the home. Two weeks after the first visit I conducted a second “general cleaning.” One week after the second visit researchers re-tested all homes in the study for lead, and administered an oral open-ended questionnaire to the head of the household containing questions related to current and future cleaning routines. After the third visit, letters indicating lead results were mailed to families sharing before and after cleaning dust lead levels. Finally, a follow-up phone call was made to families to determine if the change in lead levels motivated cleaning behavior change. Analysis of responses to the questionnaire revealed that all six participants reported they would maintain current cleaning practices after the cleaning visits. However, after mailing the letters indicating lead results and making a follow-up phone call to families, five of the six subjects indicated the lead results motivated them to make behavior change in their cleaning methods and frequency.
Name: Johnson, Carlyn
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Adele Poynor
Title: Allegheny College Clean Energy Education Initiative
Abstract: Development of an affordable, clean, global energy system is one of the most pressing issues in modern times. Significant increases in energy demand, coupled with the inevitable peaking of finite conventional energy sources, and the negative human and environmental impacts of fossil fuels, translates to an urgent call for development and diversification of our global energy resource portfolio. This means that in addition to oil, coal, and natural gas, sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass must become primary energy sources. Of all renewable energy sources, solar power makes up the smallest portion of Pennsylvania’s energy production at less than 0.05% (2008). Pennsylvania has just 0.16kW/mi2 of installed solar photovoltaics (2009), while Germany leads the world in installed capacity and has 147.9kW/mi2 (2009); yet Germany has lower levels of solar irradiance than Pennsylvania. Why not install solar photovoltaics (PV) in areas of Pennsylvania, such as Allegheny College, located in northwestern Pennsylvania? This project involved collaborating with local and regional partners to install an educational solar power array and monitoring system on Allegheny College’s Carr Hall. Educational material on solar photovoltaic technology from both an Environmental Studies and Physics perspective are examined in the project website (https://sites.google.com/a/allegheny.edu/cleanenergy/). Together, the solar power array and website serve as clean energy education and research tools for Allegheny College and the surrounding community.
Name: Kapadia, Kritika
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Eric Pallant
Title: Back to the Natives: Proposal for the effective implementation of a native species garden around the new Cook Centre for Environmental Sciences and its future scope at Allegheny
Abstract: Rapid urbanization and development are causing habitat fragmentation on a large scale. Further, these weaker habitats ar e vulnerable to exotic species, brought in by human activities such as lawns and commercialized landscaping; which contribute to pollution due to heavy maintenance with fertilizers and lawn mowers, and are expensive to maintain. Creating ‘urban green living spaces’ using native species of the region is an alternative which can provide habitat for pollinators and wildlife in suburban landscapes. Several educational institutions across the country have undertaken such projects on their campuses, and further adapted a ‘Native Species Policy’ for their entire campus landscape. As a steering committee member of the American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC), introducing such a project on campus would enhance Allegheny’s environmental initiative. This Senior Comprehensive Project details the educational, environmental and economic benefits and recommends principles and practices regarding the installation and maintenance of such a garden. Suggestions and examples from various educational institutions, gardeners and organizations have been collected to create a potential design along with recommended native species for creating a native species garden at the new Cook Centre for Environmental Science. The project can be used as a stepping stone towards an overarching future vision for Allegheny college to be the home of biodiversity, native species and environmental landscapes.
Name: Kulik, Joseph
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Terry Bensel, Caryl Waggett
Title: Explaining Hexavalent Chromium: The Public Health Concerns and How To Control Exposures
Abstract: This paper analyzes recent hexavalent chromium studies and makes recommendations on how to limit occupational and environmental exposures to hexavalent chromium. It takes a look at the pathways hexavalent chromium can enter the body and what those effects can be. While hexavalent chromium presence in public water sources is dealt with, the emphasis for limiting exposures is placed on the occupational setting.
Name: Kunick, Case
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Kristin Wilson, Scott Wissinger
Title: The Effect of Road Salt Application (NaCl) in Regards to Tributaries and Main Monitoring Sites on French Creek in Meadville, Pennsylvania
Abstract: The influence of roadways and other impervious surfaces presents problem to our waterways due to the changing of the natural system. I monitored fourteen study sites which consisted of eleven tributaries (tributary sites) of French Creek in Meadville, Pennsylvania as well as three sites directly on French Creek (main sites). I measured discharge data by using a portable flow meter in addition to collecting and analyzing water samples for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and alkalinity during periods of base flow and high flow. Relative data at all 14 sites were found to suggest that TDS and alkalinity levels changed in response to the application of road salt by the City of Meadville. The principle of dilution and acid shock are subjects discussed. By analyzing main sites vs. tributaries, urban vs. rural, location along the City of Meadville and salting vs. no salting periods in regards to discharge, TDS and alkalinity; data suggest that Meadville contributes to salinity in French Creek as a result of road salt runoff in the winter and that the size of streams and the amount of impervious area within a watershed contribute to these changes as well. This was determined by the interactions of TDS and alkalinity in areas of high impervious area.
Name: Lichtinger, Corbin
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies / Political Science
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Dan Shea
Title: American Dream, American Nightmare: Blue-Green Collaboration in 21st Century American Dystopia
Abstract: The classic argument goes, ‘jobs versus the environment.’ American Dream, American Nightmare: Blue-Green Collaboration in 21st Century American Dystopia explores the aforementioned argument. The following writing analyzes the rationality behind the argument of ‘jobs versus the environment,’ historicizing the argument with examples of ideological clashes between labor unions and environmental groups. Though the argument has been proved to be true in past, jobs are not always sacrificed for environmental protection, and in fact, there are many examples where the two groups have benefited from collaboration. Ultimately, the following writing argues for a strengthened relationship between labor unions and environmental groups, operating on the rationale that both forces have been marginalized and weakened by free market ideals and neo-liberal trade policy. Utilizing contemporary analysis written by scholars in the labor and environmental movement, as well as providing extensive interviews with key actors of both movements, I provide suggestions for increased cross-movement collaboration.
Name: Marker, Christopher
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Jane Ellen Nickell
Title: Religion and Climate Change: An Exploration of the Relationship between Religion and Climate Change through an Examination of the Buddhist and Christian Traditions
Abstract: My project began with the large question of; what is the relationship between religion and climate change? In order to explore this relationship I examined the Buddhist and Christian traditions and how they are responding to the issue of climate change and the larger environmental crisis facing the world today. I examined these faiths in terms of their theological backing for environmentalism, their current impact on the fight against climate change, and what leaders in the faith’s environmentalist movements are saying. I used this information to draw conclusions about the overarching relationship between religion and climate change. The results I found varied, some suggesting that religion is a useful tool in the environmentalist movement, while others suggested that it could actually be a deterrent to environmental success. Based on all the information I gathered, however, I found that religion can offer a useful addition to secular environmentalist thinking and has the potential to be a powerful tool in the fight against climate change.
Name: McHolme, Molly
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Elizabeth Guldan
Title: My Journey in Local and Organic Eating: The Environmental, Economic, and Personal Health Consequences
Abstract: In order to fully grasp the nature of a diet made up of strictly local and organic foods, I consumed only organic foods grown within 100 miles of Allegheny College for a three month trial spanning September 1, 2010 to December 1, 2010. I recorded my thoughts, feelings, and experiences using a daily weblog. I determined my diet’s environmental impact with respect to energy usage, organic practices, and impact on local businesses, as well as the economical burdens, totaling my overall expenditures and also considering the consumption of my personal time and energy. Finally, I assessed the personal health impacts of my diet, studying its nutritive components as well as its emotional, mental, and spiritual consequences. My findings reveal that a strictly local and organic diet in northwestern Pennsylvania is more environmentally sustainable than one centered on conventionally grown foods. Likewise, it is financially feasible, though it requires increased personal time and energy devoted to food obtainment and preparation. Finally, it is nutritionally sound, though some important drawbacks are noted, and is mentally, emotionally, and spiritually enriching.
Name: Meinecke, Peter
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Kate Darby, Thomas Eatmon
Title: Revitalizing Toledo: An Examination of Infill Practices and Their Application in the Toledo Area
Abstract: Urban sprawl has created a number of issues in the United State’s largest cities. In particular, sprawl has fostered a dependence on automobiles, decreased public health and destroyed valuable green spaces. Infill development is a smart growth technique that reutilizes lands left vacant by sprawl and revives inner city areas. By looking at three case studies from small cities throughout the Northeast and Midwest, it was determined that the most effective infill projects are the ones that actively involve the community, get multiple levels of government involved, contract experienced developers and understand the area and market in which they are working. The Southwyck mall site in Toledo is a good example of a site where infill development could have a positive impact. The site is situated in an area of Toledo that has suffered economically in recent years. The development of the site has the potential to revive the area and bring people back to the center of city. In order to do this the city must utilize government agencies such as the EPA and the United States Department of Housing and Urban development, get the community involved by starting an online dialogue and forming focus groups, use funds from a variety of sources and use an experienced developer such as Rudolph Libbe or BPC Development.
Name: Moore – Seymore, Charles
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Terry Bensel, Eric Pallant
Title: How Can Professional Sports Become Environmentally Friendly and Reduce CO2 Emissions?
Abstract: Climate Change has begun to be a major topic in Environmental Science. Climate change is due to human activity and the burning of fossil fuels. Climate change causes problems in health, agriculture, forests, water resources, costal area and in many species. Solutions in order to reduce these CO2 emissions are to invest in clean and efficient energy technologies and industries. For example, using solar power, solar energy, hybrid cars, wind energy and sustainable methods such as car pooling. Sports play a vital role in emitting CO2 emissions. Sporting events, stadiums, places where equipment is being processed and the cars that people drive to these events all produce CO2 emissions and aid in the production of climate change. So what are these teams and organizations doing to “Go Green”? This paper will look into the MLB, NFL, NHL, USTA, NASCAR and the NBA and look into certain teams to see what they are doing to get involved. A lot of teams produced LEED certified stadiums, use recycled paper for tickets, transit systems, use solar energy, has a great water system and are involved with the community for education purposes and many more. I include a top five initiative list that I think can and should be implemented on all teams and organizations. 5. Free parking for cars with more than four people 4. All LEED Certified Stadiums 3. Public Transit System (Trolley) 2. Community Outreach 1. Communication and sharing of ideas (meeting). There are a lot out there that teams are doing to get involved but more must be done to solve a global problem of Climate Change.
Name: Morrow, J. Douglas
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Kelly Boulton
Title: Cost Benefit Analysis of Retrofitting Allegheny College Owned Houses with Insulation
Abstract: Allegheny College owns twenty-four off campus residential houses for student living that are between 70 and 100 years old. Twenty-three of these use natural gas inefficiently for heating during the winter. The aim of this paper was to develop the costs and benefits of retrofitting Allegheny College’s houses with attic, exterior wall and basement insulation to save natural gas and reduce carbon emissions. This research is meant to aid in filling in information gaps for the college’s administration in undertaking the high up front costs of retrofitting a large number of houses, while providing information for the length of recuperating investment, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Costs for retrofitting twenty-three houses were estimated at $94,626 for Home Works Energy Solutions and $109,701 for Home Performance Testing Systems. Analysis found that Allegheny College could reduce natural gas costs, use, and greenhouse gases by thirty-eight percent by retrofitting residential houses with insulation, leading to average payback periods of eight and ten years for Home Works Energy Solutions and Home Performance Testing Systems respectively. These reductions would also contribute to the College’s commitment to be greenhouse gas neutral by 2020.
Name: Moser, Jason
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Terry Bensel, Carl Olson
Title: How Buddhism Might Inform Our Response to the Eco-Crisis
Abstract: One of the main teachings of Buddhism is that suffering results from a delusional sense of self. Often times, in attempt to counteract such an unsatisfactory self, we behave in ways that have tremendously devastating environmental consequences because they are manifestations of what are called within Buddhism the three poisons: greed, ill-will, and delusion. Buddhism gives us an alternative—one way of accepting and appreciating our predicament that lets us see our inter-being with the world. From this alternative, we can lead happier, more effective lives, and our ecologically devastating activities and attitudes are greatly lessened. We can therefore see how instrumental Buddhism may be in creating a healthier, more sustainable human existence. For this paper, I researched a number of texts to better understand how some of the Buddhist principles may be applicable to a response to the eco-crisis. The paper begins with an explanation of the inaccurate and uncomfortable conception of self that many people have. It then describes how such a conception fosters environmental irresponsibility. After that, it portrays a new worldview, with a reformed sense of self, that Buddhism propounds. It then provides a bit of suggestion for achieving such a worldview. It continues by providing accounts of how this new worldview can and does lead to more harmonious and respectful, less environmentally destructive, behavior. And, it concludes with a few words on how we may move forward given the substance of the paper.
Name: Murphy, Mary Kate
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Howard Tamashiro
Title: Weighing the Risks of Climate Change against the Risks of Nuclear Weapons Proliferations from an Expanded Use of Nuclear Energy
Abstract: Introduction As world population increases, so too do global energy demands. Much of this demand is met by burning fossil fuels to produce electricity. Sources of these fuels, however, are finite. Furthermore, the burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which it turn causes average global temperatures to rise. This phenomenon is referred to as “climate change,” and causes serious damages to the earth. To help combat the effects of climate change and to limit its potential escalation, many scientists, environmentalists, and policy makers are exploring alternative sources of energy. One potential alternative source being considered is nuclear energy. When compared to the fossil fuel costs, nuclear fuel costs are relatively low more stable. Additionally, no greenhouse gases are released in the production of nuclear energy. Nuclear power is not a perfect solution. Its production comes with a number of issues, including economic challenges, safety, and, like all energy sources, negative impacts it has on the environment. In this research-based analysis, I will explore one specific issue that arises from commercial nuclear energy production and use: the potential risks of nuclear weapons proliferation. I will seek to answer the questions: In light of the risks that climate change poses, is the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation from the pursuit and expansion of nuclear energy worth it? Do the risks of climate change outweigh those of weapons proliferation? Presently there is very little research being done on this topic. However, I feel that this will soon change. Global energy needs are growing enormously and we can no longer rely solely on fossil fuels for energy production. If nuclear energy is to be considered a serious potential alternative fuel source, the issue of weapons proliferation risks must be addressed. This topic is also extremely important because it will play a role in the outcome of Iran’s current nuclear situation. In my first chapter I will explore the effects and potential risks that climate change poses and the environmental benefits of nuclear energy use and production. I will then give a brief history of nuclear energy and technology, followed by a description of how nuclear power is produced and how it is inherently linked to the production on nuclear weapons. There are four pathways in which nuclear power can result in the production of nuclear weapons: theft, sale, diversion, and breakout. My second chapter will provide explanations, examples, and limitations of the technical, institutional, and diplomatic safeguards currently in place to limit these four pathways. My third chapter will explore reasons why some nations choose to go nuclear [attain weapons], and why others forgo these efforts. From there I will recount how India became a nuclear weapon state after claiming to desire nuclear technology for only energy purposes, and how a similar situation is happening in Iran. The fourth chapter will assess five proposed solutions that aim to allow for the expansion of nuclear energy use while limiting nuclear weapons proliferation. I will give a brief history of the proposals, and which will then be followed by their strengths, weaknesses, and an evaluation of their potential for success. In my conclusion I will answer this paper’s research questions, and give reasons for my findings. I will also provide suggestions for safeguard and policy improvements.
Name: Mylan, Christopher
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Thomas Eatmon. Mike Maniates
Title: Revival of Nuclear Energy in the United States
Abstract: In the United States, fossil fuels like natural gas, oil, and coal meet 85% of the total energy. The increased use and dependence of these fuels has resulted in a number of unfavorable environmental changes. Considering the adverse effects, the time for major environmental change is fast approaching. In recent years, individuals have expressed a need for concrete action that will create and sustain a renewable future to combat rising CO2 emission levels and fossil fuel use. In return, governing bodies are replying by addressing issues of energy development. One such possibility for renewable energy is nuclear energy. Using past literature, expert opinions, and recent literature, the conversation and barriers to producing 50 new nuclear facilities by the year 2030 was be examined. The focus of the study was placed around five major subject area; economic feasibility, safety, nuclear waste, proliferation, and reactor construction. Also, because nuclear energy is rivaled against other renewable energy sources, a cost and benefit analysis was conducted.
Name: Nick, Sydney
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Kristin Wilson, Scott Wissinger
Title: A GIS Analysis: Assessing Sediment Loading in the French Creek Sub-basin Using Two Models
Abstract: Sedimentation has many negative effects on streams, like degrading the habitats of many stream dwelling species. This study builds two models using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and land cover, precipitation, slope, and soil type. One model is to predict sediment loading in the French Creek Sub-basin of northwest Pennsylvania and southwest New York and the other is to test the relationships between the variables and field-collected sediment data from the Sugar Creek watershed (a sub-watershed of the French Creek sub-basin) and the accuracy of the prediction model. No relationships were found between any individual variable, however there was a significant linear relationship between the synthesized variables and the percentage of fine sediment collected. As the values for the synthesized variable map increased, the percentage of fine sediment increased as well (r2 = 0.204; p = 0.0455).
Name: Nies, Alexander
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Scott Wissinger, Milt Ostrofsky
Title: The Effects of Landscape on Sediment Loading and Biotic Integrity in the Sugar Creek Watershed of Northwestern Pennsylvania
Abstract: There is a growing amount of data describing the fish and invertebrate communities in the streams of the French Creek watershed in the form of Indexes of Biotic Integrity or IBIs. Sedimentation due to anthropogenic land change is a major cause of stream impairment and while other studies have found a strong connection between land cover and biotic integrity in relation to sedimentation, there are little to no data supporting this assertion for the streams in the French Creek watershed. Samples were collected from 13 streams within the Sugar Creek subdrainage of the French Creek basin of Northwestern, PA and analyzed for amount of fine sediments
Name: Piette, Jessica
Date: Spring, 2011
Majors: Environmental Studies / English
Thesis Committee: Kirk Nesset, Eric Pallant
Title: Greenville, Pennsylvania
Abstract: The first part of this project looks into why farmers farm the way they do. It is relatively common knowledge that American farm ing practices are harmful to the environment and can be unhealthy for consumers. Perhaps the most common explanation given for the continuation of these practices is that government subsidies encourage poor farming methods. However, only 30% of farms receive any sort of subsidy, implying this cannot be the reason for the majority of conventional farming. The conclusion this study (which primarily observed farming in Crawford County, Pennsylvania) came to is a two pronged: first, that non-subsidized farmers are simply trying to get by and to keep up with subsidized and corporate farms; and second, that there is a perception (which can be righteously debated as either a true or false perception) that conventional farming methods produce the highest yields, and therefore make the most money. The second part of this project attempts to depict some of the reasons and theories for the use of conventional farming methods through literary fiction. Throughout the two stories, the idea of financial struggle is prominent, and some of the consequences of conventional farming are also presented to the reader. The purpose of infusing fiction with environmentalism is in the hope that people who may not normally be interested in such issues will learn through reading the stories, which are about far more than farming methods.
Name: Prendergast, Kate
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Rich Bowden
Title: The Evolution of Ski Resort Sustainability: From On-Mountain Efficiency to Environmental Activism
Abstract: Because ski resorts rely on stable environmental conditions and pristine mountain landscapes for their success, the resort industry has a major stake in the climate change issue. This research project examines the steps the industry has taken to address its environmental impacts, from on-mountain mitigation strategies to political advocacy. Research into ski resort impacts and mitigation and interviews with industry leaders were conducted to gather the data used in this project. There is significant data available regarding resort impacts, but little academic information that addresses the current state of ski resort sustainability. Resorts must be taken at their word regarding many environmental claims, and the industry has been accused of greenwashing. Therefore, further research into ski resort sustainability is needed to close this gap. Moving forward, the industry must find strategies to encourage broader participation in sustainability frameworks and climate policy to ensure the future of skiing and snowboarding. This study found that a stronger industry sustainability framework, nation al policy, and clean energy development may protect ski resorts from the negative effects of climate change on winter weather and mountain ecosystems.
Name: Roberts, Jeremy
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Gordon Whitney
Title: Predicting the Distribution of Quercus alba, Acer saccharum, Prunus serotina, and Populus tremuloides under Climate Change in Northwestern Pennsylvania
Abstract: Because climate is a driving factor of tree distribution (Holt 2003), global climate change is expected to shift tree distribution away from the equator so that tree species can live under their suited growth conditions (Davis and Shaw 2001). Northwestern Pennsylvania is home to a large collection of hardwood tree species that are both important ecologically and to the timber industry. This study focuses on this area in the Allegheny Plateau region, where the future distribution of Quercus alba, Acer saccharum, Prunus serotina, and Populus tremuloides is assessed using a weighted rank site suitability analysis in a GIS. Sugar maple and white oak are expected to decline in the region by 2.7 and 7.0%, while quaking aspen and black cherry will increase by 14.2 and 64.8%, respectively. The minimum elevation of suitability clipped distribution increased with successive climate change models in all four tree species. This may indicate a range shift northward, because elevational gradients also act as temperature gradients (Gworek et al. 2007).
Name: Sequeira, Sonia
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, River Branch
Title: CONSUMER REHAB 2011: Educating the Allegheny Community Through an Environmental Film Festival
Abstract: Film has the power to transport us to different times, make us feel for people and events we have no connection with, and communicate to a vast audience. The ability of visual media to communicate and connect an issue to an audience member has not gone unnoticed by the environmentalists and filmmakers. Environmental documentaries are pouring in from Hollywood and independent producers, but that does not mean that these films are reaching their intended audience. There is a lack of education and awareness of environmental issues, and this is not because the information is not out there. These films are entertaining and informative, but their intended audience is one that does not jump at the chance to attend what could be perceived as a lecture about the destruction of our planet. This is where environmental film festivals can play a key role in educating the general public about the environment. Film festivals use their powers of advertising and networking to provide an event that educates and involves the community in a way that is as interesting as it is educational. Consumerism is a root cause of environmental degradation and yet goes largely unnoticed. I am trying to educate the Allegheny community about the issue of consumerism through an environmental film festival on campus. By raising awareness of the issue through film I hope to simultaneously educate the community and introduce the idea of future film festivals on campus.
Name: Sliger, Stephen
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Mike Maniates, Mark Neff
Title: Gray Wolf Reintroduction: The Current Genetic Status of Gray Wolves in the Northern Rockies and the Best Management Practices to Proceed With
Abstract: The gray wolf was once an abundant predator in North America, with its range covering almost the entire United States and its number s estimated to be as high as 380,000 animals. The gray wolf was extirpated from the United States in the 1930’s mainly through the use of lethal control measures. It was reintroduced in Yellowstone National park in 1995 and has since rapidly spread in population size and range. With this increase in size and range concerns were raised that the genetic well being of wolves in the region could be in jeopardy due to a lack of connectivity and gene flow. This work aimed to answer that question through a thorough review of the available literature. It was found that the genetic status of gray wolves in the Northern Rockies is generally good, and that the different sub populations inside the distinct population segment are better connected than previously thought. The answers pertaining to the management of wolves is not as clear. There are a number of available management options and it appears that the best combination in the future will be a combination of public education efforts and adaptive management, specifically advanced livestock husbandry and wolf deterring measures to minimize human-wolf interaction. Lethal control will surely continue to be utilized as well as translocation practices. When wolves are removed from the endangered species list the goal will be to keep wolf numbers high enough to sustain a healthy population while at the same time working to minimize management cost and conflicts involving wolves.
Name: Trunzo, Alessandra
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Kate Darby, Rich Bowden
Title: Into Penn’s Woods: Evaluating Forest Education for Urban and Rural Youth
Abstract: Western Pennsylvania boasts an incredible natural resource in its forests, dominated by valuable hardwoods. Efforts that foster knowledge and appreciation of forests will promote the long-term sustainability of this resource. The Penn’s Woods Project, a hands-on forest science curriculum for high school students, is Allegheny College’s answer to this need. To ensure that the curriculum is applicable to both rural and urban students, this study aims to determine (1) existing perceptions of forests among urban and rural high school students and (2) the extent to which perceptions, knowledge, and appreciation change as a result of participation in one of the Penn’s Woods Project lessons. For the first part of the study, urban (N=139) and rural (N=28) students completed written questionnaires with free-list type questions on their perception of forests. Their answers suggest that these students do have different exposures to forests, but that this rural-urban split may be lessening. For the second part of the study, two urban classes participated in the Forests and Climate Change lesson and completed a written questionnaire before and after the activity. After the lesson, urban participants showed a significant increase in knowledge about specific forest issues, a high appreciation of forest services, and a more accurate view of forests. However, the long-term ramifications of these changes are questionable. While this study lays the groundwork for an understanding of how urban youth relate to forests, expanding these results into further research will support the Penn’s Woods Project and other educational programs in their goal to foster sustainable forest management.
Name: VanSickle, Stephanie
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Kristin Wilson, Rachel O’Brien
Title: Geologic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration: Potential Risks and Effects on Groundwater
Abstract: Rising levels of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have lead to the development of many forms of alternative energies, including Carbon Capture Sequestration (CCS). CCS is the final step in the process of burning coal for energy purposes without releasing CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Instead, these emissions are sequestered within the ocean or belowground in saline formations, porous rock space, or abandoned gas/oil wells. Groundwater accounts for 98% of the freshwater supply in the world and is vital to survival as we know it. When CO2 is below ground, it can contact with carbonate or silicate structured rocks and cause a reaction. This reaction can release different chemicals such as arsenic or lead which may not have otherwise been mobile. The migration of the CO2 from its intended target zone is unavoidable and therefore unpredictable where it may interact with rocks and mineral types. This can lead to an interaction with groundwater and therefore putting the health of humans, plants, and animals at risk for exposure to the mobile chemicals within it. Pennsylvania has immense potential for CCS and therefore an equal potential for exposure to the possible risks with CO2 migration and groundwater. It is in Pennsylvania’s best interest to educate its residents in these potential risks and effects before the large-scale CCS technology is implemented in the state. This work will examine areas of potential risk as well as Pennsylvania’s role and future with CCS.
Name: Weiss, Taylor
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Kate Darby, Rich Bowden
Title: Interpreting the Meadville Market House Food Trail
Abstract: Our globalized food system has divorced consumer and producer through changes in agricultural land, location, and diet. Th e distance between where food originates and where it is consumed corresponds to the separation of knowledge of our food’s source and production processes. The Meadville Market House serves as an alternative arrangement to reconnect local producers and consumers within their region’s food shed. Though the outdoor market space provides a platform for personal communication of local operations’ narratives, the interior market space does not, therefore limiting the knowledge and understanding of the operations and the products they sell. This project seeks to bridge the knowledge gap by the development of three interpretive food signs created to help consumers navigate through the Meadville Market House’s food trail. Local meat, milk, and cheese producers were interviewed for this project to gather accurate informative narratives on the history and production processes of each operation. Using interpretive trail theory, three interpretive trail signs were developed to showcase each operation’s narrative, sustainable production practices and common misconceptions about each type of product. Though the signs were not permanently placed in the Market House, this paper includes plans and suggestions for future funding and alternative approaches to the project.
Name: Wurzbacher, Sarah
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Rich Bowden, Mark Ams
Title: Long-term nitrogen inputs increase belowground carbon sequestration in a temperate deciduous forest in the Eastern United States
Abstract: This study investigated changes in soil C and N, root mass, and aboveground productivity in a temperate, N-rich forest (ambient soil N ≈10000kg•ha-1) that has been subjected to chronic N fertilization (100 kg•ha-1•yr-1) annually since 1993. Soils and fine roots (0-2mm diameter) were sampled by depth; samples were taken from the O, A, and subsections of the B horizon (0-10cm, 10-20cm, 20-30cm, and 30-50cm deep), providing a depth profile of roughly 60cm. Aboveground biomass of standing sugar maple was determined by applying a biomass equation to annual ring measurements to yield average yearly growth indices for fertilized and unfertilized trees. No significant differences were found in soil N concentrations or N content between control and N-fertilized plots, most likely due to variability within the site. C/N ratios were significantly higher in the O horizon of fertilized soils. C concentration was significantly higher in fertilized soils. C content was 15% higher in fertilized soils, and the major increase was specific to the B horizon. Fertilization has resulted in an increase in soil C sequestration of about 1.17MT•ha-1•yr-1 at the site overall. Fine root mass was 37% higher in the B horizon of fertilized plots. Slight declines in growth were observed for fertilized sugar maple, suggesting that some factor other than N may be more strongly affecting growth at this site, but biomass analyses were limited by small sample size. The increase root mass in the fertilized B horizon likely contributed to the increase in soil C in that horizon, but C sequestration was probably also enhanced by decreased soil decomposition.
Name: Xi, Lu
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Kate Darby, Sharon Wesoky
Title: Understanding the Challenges for Grassroots Environmental NGOs in China
Abstract: Chinese environmental NGOs (ENGOs) have a relatively short, but very impressive history. In last decade, Chinese ENGOs have changed their role from un-controversial educators to active advocators; they have started to have stronger social and political influence. In Recent years, the change in social, economical and political environment has led to different challenges for these ENGOs, especially the ones in grassroots level. This project takes a closer look at the real challenges for grassroots ENGOs development in China, through a literature review and interview with representatives from Chinese grassroots ENGO. The project finds out the primary challenges for grassroots ENGOs include the difficulties in obtaining their legal identification, fund raising and enhancing public awareness and participation.
Name: Zheleznyak, Matt
Date: Spring, 2011
Major: Environmental Studies
Thesis Committee: Eric Pallant, Don Goldstein
Title: A Comprehensive Look at Hydraulic Fracturing for Natural Gas in the United States for the New York Public Interest Research Group
Abstract: This report seeks to help the New York Public Interest Research Group study the implications of horizontal hydraulic fracturing for natural gas in the United States. The following pages look at the effects of public health, environmental health and economic impacts throughout the United States. Due to this topic having such high controversy, much of the academic research, newspaper articles, and journal articles have some sort of bias. I wrote this report aware of that notion but the reader may find a difference in my opinion. Overall, this topic is extremely important for the future of America’s energy needs and will be in the spotlight for years to come. I concluded that natural gas drilling in this country is a necessary evil towards making the steps of becoming foreign oil independent. Although obtaining natural gas is a dirty business, the fuel itself runs cleaner than oil and coal. Let’s not forget that oil and coal extraction are just as bad if not worse i.e. mountain top removal. Environmentalists should not be so quick to say no to drilling for natural gas. This country doesn’t have the infrastructure to use renewable energy for all of our energy and transportation needs. Consequently, all we are left with at the present time is natural gas, but we should strive to make the process of cultivating it cleaner. Naturally, I would hope that this report would help NYPIRG in making decisions regarding their stance on this issue.