Abstracts Year: 2021

Ackerman, George

Title: Local Foods in Meadville: Shopping Decisionsand Perceptions
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Economics & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Food systems area subject of interest for researchers due to their importance to economic,environmental, ecological, and human health systems. This study aims to gain insight into the food system in Meadville, Pennsylvania through the lens of a sample of consumers. The survey included questions in four categories: demographics,method of food acquisition, what drives food shopping decisions, general attitudes of interest,and perceptions of local food and food more generally in Meadville. The sample is more white and richer than the Meadville population.Respondents generally had a positive view of local foods, but it seems that these views did not translate to the type of demand necessary to scale up local foods systems. Overall, the results suggest that local foods play no more than a supplemental role in food purchases, and oftentimes less than that. Results also suggest a possibility for a gap in demand for local foods and supply for local foods, especially in areas where prices for local foods are like foods produced by conventional means and where convenience of purchasing local foods can be increased.

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Ankney, Rachael

Title: Environmental Impacts of Religious Idol Immersion within Indian Aquatic Ecosystems
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Durga Puja and Ganesh Chaturthi festivals are significant within Hindu religious culture with various south Asian countries partaking in the annual celebrations. Festivities include the creation of numerous idols in honor of the celebrated god/goddess, which are painted with vivid colors and adorned with a plethora of various garments and trinkets. At the end of the multi-day celebrations, the idols are paraded to the shores of nearby bodies of water in which they are then immersed, allowing the deity to return home. In ancient Hindu traditions, this practice of idol immersion was symbolic as the clay which was taken from the earth to form the idol was returned to the earth once again. The sentiment still remains within the practice today, however, modern idols are more commonly made using materials such as plaster of paris and are painted with colors often containing harmful chemicals including heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, magnesium, mercury, and numerous others. Exposure of the idol to water leads to contamination of the aquatic ecosystem, threatening plant, animal, and even human health. Knowing that these practices are crucial parts of the Hindu faith, religious scholarly theories combined with environmental research are presented as a means of suggesting alterations to idol immersion festivals in the hopes of altering celebratory procedure without impeding upon religious practice and ensuring a more environmentally conscious celebration.

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Babic, Tamara

Title: Negative Effects Of Electronic Cigarettes On The Environment And Human Health
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biochemistry & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Electronic cigarettes are devices that contain harmful chemicals and parts that pose a threat to both environment and human health. They consist of lithium batteries and plastic pods that contribute to biohazard and e-waste. Chemicals from these devices such as formaldehyde and potassium bromate are carcinogenic and cause DNA damage like single-stranded breaks, double-stranded breaks, DNA protein crosslinks, and oxidative stress in humans. Pathways like non-homologous end joining, homologous recombination, and base excision repair are responsible for repairing these damages and there are genes like MRE11 and OGG1 involved in these pathways. Research showed that when genes like CHTF8 and DSCC1 are absent, the cells become more sensitive to formaldehyde and potassium bromate. The aim of the study is through a literature search to determine if e-cigarettes will contribute to biohazard, e-waste, pollution of water and to examine the mutation status of the DSCC1 and CHTF8, genes that confer resistance to potassium bromate and formaldehyde, and the outcome of the deficiency of those genes in cancer tissue. The results showed that lithium batteries and plastic pods are a huge reason for biohazard and e-waste. My results also suggest that in general there is no association of MRE11 and OGG1 amplification with the absence of CHTF8 and DSCC1 with one exception which is that there is an association between CHTF8 homozygous deletion and amplification of the OGG1 that is involved in BER genes.

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Barbera, Gretchen

Title: A Quantitative Analysis of Microfiber Production On and Off Allegheny College Campus
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plastic has become one of the leading pollutants in aquatic ecosystems and projections predict pollution to exponentially increase with rising populations and demand. Microfibers, a subgroup of primary microplastics, are one of the most uncontrolled and difficult pollutants to eliminate once having entered the environment. Microfibers are small (< 5mm) strings of plastic manufactured specifically in the textile industry. One of the main pathways for microfibers to enter the environment is through wastewater, specifically washing machine wastewater. In this study, the average weight of microfibers produced from a routine load of laundry is evaluated to understand an individual’s contribution to microfiber pollution. Two separate testing sites were evaluated to understand the relationship between microfiber shed release and routine washing preferences. A wet-sieving technique was used to filter microfibers from washing machine wastewater. Fibers collected from the filtration system were dried and weighed and were calculated to estimate the average microfiber production produced by an individual in a 52-week year. This study found that there were no significant differences between microfibers produced and the testing sites. There were no significant differences between the microfiber production between the researcher and other Allegheny-student participants. This study found that an individual produces 5.278g of microfibers in a 52-week year and the Allegheny student body produces 9,500.4 gin a 52-week year. Return to Top

Barney, Meredith

Title: Macroinvertebrate Diversity of the French Creek Watershed, and Expected Changes Due to the Invasive Round Goby
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, is an invasive fish species originating from Europe and Asia that was introduced to the Great Lakes region in 1990. The species’ aggressive nature, frequent spawning, and ability to adapt to different environments has allowed it to quickly overtake ecosystems and expand its geographic range. The round goby was first spotted in French Creek, a tributary to the Allegheny River, in 2013. The effects of the goby on this highly biodiverse watershed are not well understood. Based on research in similar locations, native fish species are expected to struggle due to issues of diet overlap and shelter accessibility. There is an existing research gap regarding the goby’s impacts on macroinvertebrates, but they also appear to be declining, due to goby predation. To help bridge this gap, the purpose of this study was to evaluate current macroinvertebrate diversity and stream health of French Creek in areas without gobies. Specifically, to obtain baseline data for future comparisons, and to make predictions on how the goby will impact these populations once the species becomes more established in the area. Six total macroinvertebrate samples were collected via kicknets from French Creek in Venango and Waterford, Pennsylvania. A total of 48 families were represented among all samples, and chironomids were the most abundant taxa. Other common species found were elmid riffle beetles, hydropsychids, simuliids, heptageniids, and potamanthids. Average Shannon-Diversity levels were (H’=2.80), percent EPT taxa (x̄=41.97), and Index of Biotic Integrity (x̄=52.5). Calculations showed good diversity levels, but lower numbers of pollution sensitive species, which may indicate poor water quality. Density, diversity, percent EPT taxa, and overall IBI scores are expected to decline in the creek as goby populations increase. More macroinvertebrate samples need to be taken from various locations and seasons from French Creek to accurately assess current ecosystem health and diversity levels. These samples and calculations will act as important comparisons once round gobies become more established in French Creek and will be useful in preserving the creek’s health and biodiversity.

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Beard, Nate

Title: Weaponized Landscapes: Case Studies of United States Wartime Tactics of Strategic Environmental Destruction and Forced Urbanization
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science & History
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The United States Military has a history of altering to enemy environments to give the US an upper hand during armed conflicts. Entire landscapes are changed in ways that fundamentally change the ecosystem for decades to centuries with little regard for the native population or environment. This is often done via controversial means that have been compared to war crimes, however the US excels at maintaining a legal grey area for their methods. Three case studies were chosen as examples of US tactics: Sherman’s March to the Sea, The Manhattan Project and subsequent bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and finally Operation Ranch Hand in the Vietnam War. These cases show that the extent of the destruction relates to the effectiveness of the tactic. The tactics used by Sherman helped exacerbate the pre-existing environmental struggles of the South, changing the landscape into one where farming was not viable for some time. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki crippled both cities, and showed the newfound destructive power that America had and was willing to use, leading to the surrender of Imperial Japan. Operation Ranch Hand, despite its lasting environmental detriments, failed to fundamentally change rural Vietnam and could not force urbanization, leading to the withdrawal of troops. These case studies are intended to show a pattern of destruction perpetuates throughout different eras American history, and still occurs to this day.

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Bebee, Noah

Title: An assessment of beekeeping (Apis mellifera) taking into account changing weather patterns in Northwest Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Based on climate projections, the optimal zone for humans by 2070 includes Pennsylvania, suggesting that the temperature will increase by at least 3° F, and the change in seasons will be less drastic than is observed today (Xu et al., 2020). Heavy precipitation has increased by approximately 55% since 1958 in the Northeast U.S. region, a trend projected to continue in the future (Hayhoe et al., 2018). Seasonally, winter precipitation will likely increase 15-20%, and spring precipitation by 10-15% (ibid). A changing climate under these conditions could cause unprecedented changes to flora and honeybees in Northwest Pennsylvania. Valuations of crops pollinated by honeybees in 1987 and 2000 reached $9.3 billion and $14.6 billion, respectively, in the United States alone (Kevan et al., 2006). By 2005, crop pollination’s worldwide valuation reached $168 billion, almost 10% of worldwide food production (Gallai et al., 2009). This study consisted of two main research objectives: to determine beekeeping management techniques by beekeepers within the Northwest Pennsylvania region and to investigate weather patterns specific to Erie, Pennsylvania, including temperature, precipitation, and snowfall over the past five years. The literature supported information gained from interviewing a local beekeeper. Overall, plant and honeybee phenology will likely advance together, but both species will be put in danger throughout the seasons by changing weather patterns. A longer growing season impacts plant processes such as reproduction and senescence and makes honeybees more susceptible to mite infestation and disease late in the pollination season. Future studies should follow a similar format with more interviews and data collection to determine future regional viability accounting for climate change.

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Beck, Margo

Title: Konialian’s Kitchen: Sustainable Meals for your Wallet and the Planet
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Many individuals of Generation Z are currently graduating from university. These young adults are now faced with making their own decisions about food consumption without the influence of parental figures. Gen Zers are aware of the impacts of climate change and the need to be environmentally friendly. Providing this population with ecologically friendly recipes can help them make better food choices for the environment. This generation is plagued with student debt, which impacts their consumption behavior. As “digital nativesâ€, Gen Zers often acquire recipes via the internet. A website with ecological and affordable recipes is a favorable medium for these individuals to have access to a resource which helps them make environmentally friendly food decisions. This website includes multiple Mediterranean recipes since they are cost effective and ecologically sound due to a focus on plant-based food items rather than those sourced from animals (https://konialianskitchen.wixsite.com/website). These recipes list price per serving, carbon footprint, and water footprint calculated to demonstrate how they have a significantly smaller environmental impact and monetary cost in comparison to other foods such as a Big Mac. Providing this analysis will allow for new graduates to recognize the impact of their food choices and make decisions that adhere to their financial constraints and their desire to address climate change with their consumption behaviors. With more people eating Mediterranean food, some of the harmful effects of agriculture production that contribute to climate change may diminish as this diet requires less water and emits fewer carbon dioxide equivalents.

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Besenfelder, Atlas

Title: Sustainable Eradication of Autumn Olive for Private Landowners
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) was brought to the United States in 1830 and was planted in large quantities by land managers to prevent erosion and to create windbreaks in the 1940’s (Voyle, 2018). Several years later the negative impacts caused by the autumn olive became apparent to land managers across the country. This study examines the most successful and sustainable way to control this invasive species in a wooded area located in Hinckley, Ohio. Three control methods have been selected to eradicate the autumn olive: chemical, mechanical, and hybrid. These controls will be observed and deemed either successful or unsuccessful; or sustainable or unsustainable. Through identifying the best control method and spreading knowledge of the findings, private landowners will have knowledge of the best management practices for eradicating the autumn olive on their property. Despite the treatments having success rates up to 62.5%, the statistical analysis found that there was not a significant difference between the effectiveness of each treatment type.

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Betts, Madison

Title: Comparing predation response in wild vs. cultured Chesapeake logperch (Percina bimaculata) in a lab setting
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Chesapeake logperch, recently determined to be genetically different from the common logperch, is listed as a threatened species in Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Stauffer Lab at Penn State University has begun rearing and releasing Chesapeake logperch into tributaries of the lower Susquehanna River drainage to prevent further population decline. Many studies, however, have shown reared fishes have lower survival rates than their wild relatives after release, and one explanation of this observation is predation. Fishes generally rely on visual and/or chemosensory cues to alert them to the presence of predators, but recognition of these cues can be innate or learned behavior. This study investigated whether predator recognition and avoidance strategies are innate or learned behavior for Chesapeake logperch. This objective was approached by conducting a series of experiments that exposed both wild-caught and cultured fish to visual and chemosensory cues using smallmouth bass, a predator of Chesapeake logperch. Visual cues were simulated by allowing logperch to see bass through a plexiglass divider; chemosensory cues were simulated by pumping predator-conditioned water through an experimental tank. Both sets of trials produced results that indicated there was no significant difference between wild and cultured Chesapeake logperch behavior (p > 0.05). Additionally, within the visual trials, it was noted that both wild and cultured logperch spent significantly more time in the same tank quadrant (p < 0.01). The results indicated cultured logperch react to threats similarly to wild logperch and antipredator behavior is likely innate. Even so, the results of this study should be merged with the rest of the Stauffer Lab’s data, which assessed logperch reactions to snakehead and American eel visual and chemosensory cues, before drawing firm conclusions about the predation response of Chesapeake logperch. A thorough and accurate understanding of how Chesapeake logperch react to cues from predators is essential for the success of conservation efforts. Return to Top

Blaisdell, Autumn

Title: Incorporating Courtyards as a Sustainable Design in Vernacular Architecture to Decrease Energy Use and Increase Thermal Comfort
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Courtyards have been around for millennia operating as microclimate modifiers before fossil fuel-based cooling technologies began dominating worldwide energy consumption. The main goal of this study investigates the implications of reintroducing courtyards and its accompanying strategies into vernacular architecture as a passive sustainable design that aims at decreasing energy use and increasing thermal comfort. As a descriptive-analytic study, the literature review for this paper focuses on peer-reviewed articles on successful designs of courtyards in hot-arid and tropical climates, climatic responsive designs and passive energy solutions in order to demonstrate that appropriately designed courtyards are legitimate architecture that can decrease energy use and increase thermal comfort. Studies on courtyards and its accompanying strategies such as passive cooling and heat mitigation techniques were analyzed, and their results observed. The results presented that instituting climate-appropriate designs such as vegetation, dimension rations, natural ventilation, wall type and orientation of courtyards into buildings decreases energy use and increases thermal comfort. From successful courtyard designs, this study will interpret incorporating courtyards into homes and neighborhoods in the tropical savannah microclimate of Kapolei, O`ahu. Also, this study aims to add knowledge of the energy efficiency of courtyards to the field of sustainable development.

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Blum, Lindsay

Title: Don’t Cry Over Spilt Milk: Connecting New College Graduates to Their Milk Through Podcasts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Conventional agriculture is a commonly used practice to supply the growing global population with food. Overall, this type of agriculture has proven to have negative effects on the environment such as contributing to enormous amounts of greenhouse gases, degrading water sources, and land quality. As students are graduating college and making decisions on how to spend their money, it is imperative they make the choice that best supports the environment, specifically in grocery stores. Now more than ever, technology, specifically podcasts, are used as a means of gaining information especially amongst the younger generation. Popular press and academic scholarship were used to collect data and to create a podcast, aimed at newly graduated college students, to inform them of the sustainable milk options at the grocery store. This work intended to communicate, through podcasts, the environmental impacts of dairy milk and alternative milks. The four podcast episodes that resulted from this project can be found here: https://soundcloud.com/user-536273777.

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Bramwell, Stephanie

Title: Framing Curbside Food Composting in Politically Conservative Communities
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This paper investigates how newspapers in politically conservative towns frame local curbside food waste composting programs. Increasingly popular in communities across the United States, curbside composting is a convenient way for households to participate in sustainable waste management. Composting food waste reduces greenhouse gas emissions from landfills and the production of synthetic fertilizers. Frames are the inclusion and saliency of information. Analyzing frames in news articles provides insight into the issue narratives among reporters, government officials, and, to some extent, the public. To better understand why politically conservative communities in the United States offer curbside pickup of food waste for composting programs, the frames in thirty-five news articles from Fridley and Hutchinson, Minnesota were analyzed. The economic costs frame was the most prevalent, followed, in no particular order, by economic opportunities, growth, success, and community pride. Variations in frame prevalence and usage were observed between the two communities. This paper contributes to understandings of how environmental sustainability initiatives are perceived and considers the question of why such programs may appeal to politically conservative communities.

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Collier, Claire

Title: Feasibility of a Public Transportation System in Yellowstone National Park
Date: Fall 2020
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Yellowstone National Park (hereafter referred to as Yellowstone) is experiencing increased visitation in a time when sustainable development is being widely adopted. Because of this, a solution is needed to alleviate the overcrowded conditions in Yellowstone. The objective of this study is to determine if it is feasible and practical for Yellowstone to implement a public transportation system to reduce stressors on the park caused by excessive private vehicle use. Ideally, this system would consist of frequent and abundant loop shuttle services for the different regions of the park. Because of high levels of overcrowding and traffic congestion, this study proposes to start with a bus loop for the West Yellowstone to Old Faithful corridor that travels back and forth between the two destinations. This study takes a multi-step approach to analyze the feasibility of public transportation in Yellowstone. First, it analyzes public opinion on national park shuttles. Costs and benefits are analyzed for the potential shuttle system. While the costs were found to be very high, especially the upfront capital costs, Yellowstone is encouraged to implement public transportation to any extent because of the numerous short-term and long term benefits that it provides for the park’s natural resources, visitors, and spending budget.

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Cooper, Nicholas

Title: Extraction of Electrical Parameters Utilizing Dark IV Curves to Explain Solar Panel Degradation
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The disposal of aged or degraded solar panels can lead to an increased use of landfills and toxic waste leaching into the soil, as efficient forms of recycling solar panels have not yet been financially sensible. In an attempt to mitigate this waste, solar panels should first be examined to see whether or not they should be reused and repaired, or discarded all together. Through the creation and utilization of dark IV curves, eleven solar panels taken from Meadville High School have been examined and had the electrical parameters measured. These include shunt resistance, series resistance, ideality factor, and saturation current, in order to identify limiting factors and measure levels of degradation, as well as provide a recommendation on whether or not these solar panels should be used again in the future.

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Dancewicz Helmers, Gretchen

Title: Designing and Constructing the Tools Needed for a Garden Program
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to promote garden education and encourage students to interact with their outdoor environment. Research has shown that incorporating natural settings in educational programming can be beneficial to a student’s learning experience. Garden-based education can be an avenue to introduce students to other areas of environmental education and developing environmental consciousness. Saegertown Elementary School in Pennsylvania is interested in starting a garden program for their students but lacks the resources needed to implement a program. The main focus of this project is to create an educational garden bed design that could be easily implemented by Saegertown Elementary. The two main documents requested are a design for three garden beds that are accessible for all the students and to create a garden care book detailing maintenance and care.

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Drozd, Jakob

Title: Habitat Likelihood for Wavyleaf Basketgrass (Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius) in the Kanawha-New River Basin
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science & Music
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius) is an invasive grass that was unintentionally introduced to the Mid-Atlantic United States from Eurasia in 1996. The plant is able to thrive in suboptimal habitat and can spread quickly to new habitat via sticky seeds and epizoochory dispersal. Wavyleaf basketgrass has since decimated ecosystems across the east coast by forming dense mats that outcompete native shrubs and seedlings. Conservation organizations at multiple levels of governance are dedicated toward early detection and eradication of the grass as it spreads further from its original habitat. Mapping of current and predicted habitat is ongoing and serves as a critical tool in this effort. This study used GIS-based multi-attribute decision making and fuzzy logic to determine habitat likelihood for wavyleaf basketgrass in the Kanawha-New River basin of West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina. Results show that the region is moderately susceptible to the grass, but should be interpreted with caution as variables were adjusted to match findings of previous literature. Areas showing highest likelihood for wavyleaf basketgrass include the Charleston, WV Metropolitan Area; New River Gorge National Park, WV; and Elk Knob State Park, NC. These sites are suggested for immediate surveying of wavyleaf basketgrass with any necessary eradication measures taken. This study complements ongoing mapping efforts and provides insight into the likelihood of wavyleaf basketgrass invasion in a location where the grass is not yet found for land managers to become proactively educated and prepared.

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DuBois, Dalton

Title: Student Run Home Energy Audit on Allegheny College’s Campus House
Date: Fall 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Inefficient and outdated equipment in residential buildings require more energy than necessary and results in increased GHG emissions. This study provides recommendations for implementing better energy efficiency practices in a campus house owned by Allegheny College. 629/627 North Main Street, located in Meadville Pennsylvania, consumes excessive amounts of energy due to the lack of efficient building materials and efficient appliances. Most of the building materials and appliances are original and need to be replaced. The College’s campus house was inventoried and measured over several months to gather data that was analyzed to provide recommendations for building upgrades. The campus house was modeled under three different scenarios that focused on (1) replacing the windows and doors, (2) lighting, refrigerator, and the dishwasher, and (3) all of these changes. Recommended upgrades could decrease the total energy usage from 430.9 MMBtu/unit/year to 277.4 MMBtu/unit/year. GHG emissions would fall from 38.8 metric tons/year to 16.5 metric tons/year. Payback times for the three scenarios require a payback period of 0.94. The second scenario requires a payback period of 0.16. The third scenario requires a payback period of 1.42.

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Duerr, Benjamin

Title: Fascination and Focus: An Environmental Program for Children with ADHD
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Outdoor education programs often do not bolster children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The curricula may limit access and/or be ineffective for them. This is troubling since research reveals the considerable benefits that natural spaces deliver to children with ADHD. Nature’s wealth of stimuli has a restorative effect which strengthens focus ability and retention of information. This project created a one-week summer day camp program, built around requirements cited by psychologists and outdoor educators, which is accessible and effective for children with ADHD. It developed teaching resources that combine outdoor settings, appropriate teaching methods for children with ADHD, and environmental concepts easily understood by seven-to-eleven-year-olds. The program consists of three documents. A syllabus describes the format, learning objectives, and teaching philosophies incorporated into a day camp course for elementary-aged children. A course timeline summarizes the activities of the camp that explores different outdoor locales each day. Finally, a document containing lesson plans introduces specific lessons and instruction strategies. The concepts, strategies, and activities will enable children with ADHD to use their unique attributes to learn about and advocate for the environment. Children are urged to seek answers to the mysteries of nature; instructors are encouraged to be open to spontaneous experiences. Activities are fast-paced, require few instructions, and teach by doing. At the week’s end, participants will be more comfortable and self-assured in the outdoors. They will understand environmental concepts and human impacts upon nature.

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Franco, Shaellen

Title: Is Sustainability a Game to you? Displacing the LA28 Olympic Games and Envisioning a Sustainable Alternative
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Despite decades of attempted reform to address it’s social, environmental and economic impact, the Olympic Games continue to show a pattern of reoffense and damage to its host cities. Since it’s modern inception, the Games have been instrumental in suppressing political activism and causing infrastructural failure (including environmental degradation) within its host cities, threatening the well-being and health of the environment and community left behind after the closing ceremony. This paper highlights this troubled history and through the lens of an upcoming Olympics host city, Los Angeles, envisions a more sustainable, alternative event in place of the Olympic Games. Using the guidance of Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities from the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, the influence of global cultural festivals and existing national sport initiatives, my proposed alternative, the Anti-Olympics Festival, sets out to imagine a more sustainable and resilient post-Games legacy for host cities, contrary to the devastation that followed former hosts of the Olympic Games.

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Galley, Sara

Title: The Impact of White-Nose Syndrome on Hibernating Bat Species in Western Maryland, U.S.
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Bat populations have been decreasing in North America since 2006 when Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS), was introduced to New York. WNS was confirmed in 2011 for all Roundtop mines and cave locations in western Maryland. Since that time, there has been limited research or representation on how this fungus has impacted bat species in some states. It has been documented that WNS is causing a dramatic decrease in bat counts. However, it is unclear which species are being impacted the most or at what rate their populations are changing. To assess bat population decline in Maryland, bat count data was collected between 1998-2020 by Daniel Feller from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) Wildlife and Heritage Service. The study region spanned three caves and six Roundtop mines in Western Maryland, United States. The bat species analyzed were; P. subflavus (Tri-Colored Bat), M. lucifugus (Little Brown Bat), M. leibii (Eastern Small-Footed Bat), M. septentrionalis (Northern Long-Eared Bat), and E. fuscus (Big Brown Bat). The total counts had a strong association to the decrease in bats and WNS, except for the Big Brown Bat, which has seen a population increase. Based on these data, the Little Brown Bat and Tri-Colored Bat have had the most drastic decrease in counts and it is recommended that these species should be listed as endangered in Maryland and evaluated through the Endangered Species Act to become federally listed. Further, the Northern Long-Eared Bat and Eastern Small-Footed Bat are data deficient and require more research before listing them.

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Gates, Taylor

Title: Suitability Analysis of River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in Northwestern Pennsylvania and Conservation Efforts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As an apex predator, the river otter (Lontra canadensis) is an essential component of an ecosystem in Northwestern Pennsylvania. Ecosystems often rely on the river otter populations to keep their prey populations controlled. When removing one organism from a delicate ecosystem, there will be others drastically affected and could lose their populations as well. Like other species, river otters can be negatively affected by habitat fragmentation which is why it is important to compare the presence of river otters to land use composition. As a result of human populations continuing to expand, habitat fragmentation will happen more frequently, negatively affecting species populations that require continuous landscapes. This project looks to compare known river otter latrines to the rest of Northwestern Pennsylvania. River otters were reintroduced to many areas in Pennsylvania, such as Tionesta Creek in 1982. Since the reintroduction, their populations have been stable. To determine the presence of river otters, I hiked the Tionesta River and Allegheny River from October to November 2020. In addition, I utilized camera trap data provided by the PA Game Commission and Allegheny College to assess the presence or absence of river otters in Northwestern Pennsylvania. The land use was compared using GIS and shows that a possible issue with areas in Pennsylvania is lack of private areas to establish a latrine away from human interaction and too much agriculture. Using my future results, we can compare the suitability analysis to the rest of Pennsylvania and predict where river otters may be impacted by future habitat fragmentation, or the possible expansion of current populations.

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Goodwin-Bain, Noah

Title: Surveying the Demographic Variability of Allegheny College Students and Their Perceptions of Snakes
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Snakes are widespread animals that play important roles in ecosystems on every major continent except Antarctica. Snakes have value not just because they contribute to important ecosystem functions, but also because they contribute to medical discoveries through their venom, help keep rodent populations in control for humans, and can provide a protein source for some communities. Studies have shown that, like other reptiles, snake populations appear to be in decline, largely from anthropogenic activities. Ophidiophobia, the fear of snakes, is the most common phobia globally, so snake conservation poses some unique challenges that need to be addressed by accurately understanding people’s beliefs and perceptions about snakes. This study examines the perceptions that college students at a liberal arts college in Pennsylvania, USA have towards snakes and their knowledge of the conservation value of snakes. By surveying students at Allegheny College this study provides conservationists with additional information on the perceptions that people who have a diverse range of backgrounds and experiences have of snakes, which could better equip the conservationists to make the best decisions when conserving snakes, and looking to gain public support for conservation initiatives. Chi squared tests of independence were performed, showing a significant relationship between an individual’s fear of snakes, and their willingness to conserve snakes, suggesting that people who are more afraid of snakes are less likely to support conservation initiatives for snakes. In addition, statistical analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between the number of direct exposures to snakes, and the students’ scores on the SNAQ-12 questionnaire.

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Graf, Alexandra

Title: Food insecurity in the United States: Cultivating a reimagined food system through an analysis of policy deficiencies in relation to psychological and environmental implications
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science & Psychology
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Food insecurity is prevalent throughout the United States and has gotten significantly worse during the COVID-19 pandemic. This has brought increased attention to the issue and has provided an opportunity to discuss components of a reimagined food system in light of its current state of vulnerability. There is a longstanding history of policy and aid being inadequate to meet the needs of those who experience food insecurity. There is a lack of any form of policy to address the systemic issues that are the root causes of food insecurity, and the predominant form of aid lies in SNAP benefits. However, there are still high levels of food insecurity throughout the U.S. This has many psychological implications for those who are food insecure and influences the way that they are able to participate in society. Many of these inadequacies and implications lie in the unsustainable nature of the food system, and therefore solutions must be interdisciplinary and multifaceted. Solutions for food insecurity have come out of community organizing and activism, as opposed to being created through policy. This approach has been effective in mitigating levels of food insecurity; however it is often local or regional. To make systemic change, there must be a shift to rooting solutions in policy in order to bridge the gap between local activism and policy. This should be done through concepts of food justice.

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Hall, Samantha

Title: Comparing Species Richness at River Otter Latrine, Non-Latrine, Latrine and Crossover, and Non-Latrine and Crossover Sites
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is a keystone species in Pennsylvania. They are essential to the health of riparian ecosystems due to their role as an apex predator and transporting nutrients between aquatic and terrestrial environments. Once almost completely extirpated from the United States, river otters are now present in many water systems. River otters use latrines as an area for intraspecific communication, such as reproductive status and resource availability. This communication is presented through scent-marking, which is through defecation, urine, and anal gland secretions. Camera-trapping is one way to continue to monitor river otter populations and can be more accurate and less expensive than other methods used to monitor populations. Further, other species may be attracted to latrine areas, and so it might be useful as a way of monitoring other carnivore populations. For this study, camera trap data was collected by the Pennsylvania Game Commission and Allegheny College. Species richness and the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index was used to compare latrine, non-latrine, latrine and crossover, and non-latrine and crossover sites. The species richness was found for each site type. Latency to detection was found for selected carnivore species, coyotes, bobcats, fishers (Pekania pennanti), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The results of this study showed that the latrine and crossover sites had the highest average species richness. This could have been a result of the lasting scent of otter deposits at latrines, attracting other species. This information can be used to determine possible relocation sites for otters and carnivore species. Further research, would consist of a habitat analysis of the sites to determine what makes them suitable.

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Harrison-Peters, Delaney

Title: Identifying the Main Challenges that Applicants Face during the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) Application Process
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) is a program tailored to graduate students looking to pursue a research based masters or doctoral degree in any of the STEM fields. Therefore, applying to this program could provide a great opportunity for Allegheny students who are interested in STEM research. Unfortunately, many of the students that apply to programs like these often face barriers like low confidence, undecided career goals, and lack of time, which often leads to poor applications. However, many of these barriers can be overcome with access to more information. Due to this, the purpose of my project is to create different informational advertisements to raise awareness about the GRFP, break down the application, and provide useful tips to applicants. To ensure I provided accurate and useful information, I personally underwent the application process to identify the challenges applicants face as well as evaluated existing resources to address their current flaws in my materials. I have identified the main challenges to be that not enough students are aware of the GRFP, finding helpful resources can be challenging, students aren’t aware of the application requirements prior to applying, and that there is little guidance when it comes to career development. As a result, I have created a flyer, pamphlet, Instagram advertisement, and video interview to address these challenges. By improving the method in which this program is advertised, I hope to better prepare applicants before they apply and increase the number of Allegheny students applying to the GRFP.

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Harrod, Will

Title: Effects of forest edge proximity on Hooded Warbler nesting success in Northwestern Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Forest fragmentation is a major cause of nest failure and population decline for migratory songbirds in the United States. Many of the forests in Pennsylvania have been transformed into agricultural or developed land over the past century, putting forest-nesting songbirds into much closer contact with predators and nest parasites. Examining how forest fragmentation affects nesting success of woodland birds can better inform how we manage woodland landscapes. Many previous studies have examined either artificial nests or natural nests over a short period of time. However, few have compared nesting success over many breeding seasons. I examined the effects of forest fragmentation on nest parasitism and nest predation in a color-banded population of hooded warblers (Setophaga citrina) in Crawford County, Pennsylvania. My analysis is based on a sample of 847 nests monitored over eight breeding seasons, 2013-2020. Rates of nest survival and cowbird parasitism were recorded and compared to spatial features of the study region using GIS. Nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was highest in areas far from paved roads. Nest predation was not associated with any of the spatial variables examined but was higher in parasitized nests. The variation in where nests were depredated or parasitized may have been caused by the highly fragmented and variable landscape surrounding the study region, effectively allowing nest predators and parasites to regard the entire study area as an edge. My results suggest managing fragmented landscapes to create larger, more contiguous forest fragments.

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Hill, Susan

Title: Sunscreen UV filters in aquatic environments: A review of their properties and effects on aquatic life
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Sunscreen UV filters have been measured in water bodies all over the world due to the widespread use of sunscreens to protect against UV radiation and skin cancer. Due to its increasing presence in water systems, there has been a rise in concern over how sunscreen and its active ingredients may affect aquatic life and ecosystems. The wide variety of UV filters and their chemical properties allows for many routes of research on the topic. This literature review presents an overview of UV filters and the environment by breaking down the topic into four major areas: the chemical properties of UV filters, presence of sunscreen in aquatic systems, major effects of UV light filters studied, and gaps in the research. The major effects of UV filters is further broken down into three major categories based on the general type of research conducted: toxicological effects, estrogenic effects, and coral bleaching. Studies have shown UV filters to have detrimental effects on aquatic life; however, the concentrations that cause detrimental effects are lower than the currently observed concentrations in water bodies. These results still pose a great deal of concern to already damaged aquatic ecosystems. While there is an ever-growing body of research on sunscreen UV filters, important gaps remain in the research across tested species, different UV filters, and comparison between research areas. Given the known negative effects of UV filters, efforts can and should be made to reduce the environmental impact of these chemicals.

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Johnson, Allison

Title: Glomalin Biochemistry: Implications for Agricultural Practices in Soil Carbon Management
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biochemistry & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Glomalin is a soil protein produced by AMF in hyphal walls. It has been studied intensely within the past two decades with respect to its positive effects on soil aggregation, carbon sequestration, stress regulation, and metal sequestration. Biochemical details of glomalin remain difficult to elucidate due to the protein’s complicated relationships with AMF and other soil compounds as well its own structural stability. This paper explores the current literature surrounding glomalin and major gaps in knowledge with regards to the regulation of production, glomalin’s structure, and the extraction and analysis methods used to characterize it. Regulation of glomalin has been difficult to study due to complex relationships between glomalin and other soil and environmental factors as well as obscurities in AMF-regulated mechanisms. Glomalin has been identified as an Hsp60 homologue, located primarily (80%) in hyphal walls. Though the structure of glomalin has yet to be crystallized, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) has been partially sequenced, chemical compositions in NMR spectra of GRSP show

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Johnson, Charles

Title: Garbage Monsters in Baltimore Harbor: A Study of Boom Float Marine Trash Retention for Trash Wheels
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plastic is causing massive environmental problems for the world’s oceans. Its widespread use is causing dangerous levels of pollution in marine life that the rest of the planet relies upon to survive. In Baltimore Harbor, the sustainable technology known as Trash Wheels are seeking to intercept marine litter before it enters the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean. However, through my time working there, the funneling mechanism known as “boom floatsâ€ malfunctioned in strong currents, leading to the escapage of trash. This project seeks to determine more effective forms of boom floats that will decrease the amount of drag on the units. Through using the flume tank in the basement of Alden, different configurations of model floats and skirts were put in a current with debris to determine how much material would escape from each design. With inconsistent results, we were unable to determine the most effective form but through qualitative observations, we learned valuable information about the behavior of marine debris regarding the time it takes to escape and how quickly it becomes an entangled pile. More research is needed to come up with concrete solutions for reducing drag.

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Jones Irwin, Willa

Title: Snake in the Wheat: A Benefit-Cost & Proxy Stakeholder Analysis on the future of the Ice Harbor Lower Snake River Dam
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The wild chinook salmon stocks have been declining in the Lower Snake River for decades, and in 1992 they were listed as endangered. Studies have shown this can be attributed to the four Lower Snake River dams, and the difficulty chinook salmon have navigating them upstream and downstream. A decline of 90% of their historic population has begun to reveal far reaching implications culturally, ecologically, and socially. However stakeholders disagree on what the best course of action is to recover the salmon population, without heavily disrupting the current way of life. Indigenous people, farmers, companies whose businesses rely on the dams or the Lower Snake River, and salmon are all heavily impacted by proposed dam mitigation projects. The debate surrounding the dams has increasingly gained media coverage over the past decade, following a great deal of environmental activism, political action, and judicial challenges in the region. In this study, a proxy stakeholder analysis and benefit-cost analysis were conducted on the western-most Lower Snake River dam, the Ice Harbor dam. Five different dam mitigation strategies were analyzed using a benefit-cost analysis to compare the monetary implications of each approach, as well as a proxy stakeholder analysis to ensure marginalized groups with less economic power would contribute to which strategy would have the most benefits. An aggressive non-breach approach proved to be the most costly, and breaching the Ice Harbor dam was the only strategy where the benefits outweighed the costs, and may be the only strategy that saves the salmon. More research is needed to determine the best course of action for all four of the dams, but it needs to happen sooner rather than later.

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Jordan, Jared

Title: Rise of the Interlopers: Tyrannosaur Niche Partitioning and its Implications for American Crocodylia in the Everglades
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Tyrannosaurs (superfamily Tyrannosauroidea) are known for tremendous variation from their generalized body plan as large-headed and short-armed bipedal predatory dinosaurs. In specific instances, Tyrannosaurs have shown preservation biases and adaptations in their builds implying that they partitioned prey from other contemporary Tyrannosaurs. Additionally, their biology was contingent on the geographical isolation of the landmasses on which they lived in order to prevent ecological interference from other travelling Tyrannosaurs. Recent studies have revealed the presence of invasive Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the American Everglades; a breeding population would put them in direct competition with the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) which have evolved to behaviorally partition prey in the area. The goal of this study was to contextualize Tyrannosaurid niche partitioning and migration so as to establish whether comparisons analogous enough for conservation insight can be made between instances in their evolutionary history to the unprecedented introduction of an African crocodilian to an ecosystem regulated by two smaller, niche-partitioned American crocodilians. Results indicate that of partitioning Tyrannosaur lineages, the larger or primary lineage either relocates or undergoes extinction within a span of five million years, and C. acutus, fitting the profile of a primary lineage, has exceeded this interval by two million years at present. Of partitioning pairs, the smaller, or secondary lineage, generally has a more comparatively favorable outcome, often reaching large sizes after the localized extinction of the primary lineage. The American Alligator, a secondary lineage in this case, is more favored for survival, wherein regardless of the primary partitioner’s species (C. acutus or introduced C. niloticus) has a decent probability of maintaining its niche intact or at least using more northerly portions of its range as a refugium if extirpated. A hypothetical scenario is also proposed whereby a phenomenon documented to unnaturally enhance the sizes of C. acutus in the Everglades begins to affect introduced C. niloticus, and a new population that grows proportionally faster and longer than individuals in the native range likely outcompetes and extirpates both native species simultaneously.

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Kauchak, Emily

Title: Should Local Knowledge and Scientific Expertise Work Together? Examples from Ecuador
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As climate change continues to ravage environmental landscapes, alter existing weather patterns and impact both social and ecological systems, current solutions that emphasize mitigation and avoidance must have a greater focus on adaptation. Recently, the importance of community-level responses in conservation and sustainability have become more prevalent as collective action strategies at the local level have been proposed as one of the most appropriate and effective approaches to global climate change. This study aims to explore the ways in which successful community engagement occurs and identify various best practices within Indigenous communities in Ecuador that are approached by outside researchers. Ecuador’s Indigenous peoples have acted as stewards of the natural environment by emphasizing ancestral remediation techniques that combat the dangerous and far-reaching effects of climate change on both human and non-human life. Additionally, they have organized themselves in a united front against resource extraction in some of the most ecologically fragile and culturally diverse regions in the country. This project examines instances of community engagement that are appropriately fitted for Indigenous communities by considering current social and environmental vulnerabilities further compounded by historic marginalization and colonial legacies. By bringing both Indigenous and scientific communities together, this project provides a better understanding of the complexity inherent to community engagement and the challenges that arise from bridging Indigenous and scientific knowledge. Finally, it uncovers a need for ethical guidelines and research standards developed by Indigenous communities and scientists in collaboration for future climate-related research.

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Margraf, Jessica

Title: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Household Hazardous Waste in Meadville, PA
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Studies & Global Health Studies
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Paints, cleaners, personal care products, automotive care products, and other household products containing toxic or similarly dangerous materials fall under the category of Household Hazardous Waste (HHW). In particular, HHW includes items that are unusually reactive, highly flammable, or explosive under certain circumstances, as well as items that are corrosive or toxic in nature. Without proper awareness of the risks and disposal methods for HHW, individuals tend to store leftover items in their homes for extended periods of time, dump products down the drain, or throw products in the municipal waste – leading to environmental concerns, and potential harm to humans. A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey on HHW awareness and disposal practices was completed by residents in the City of Meadville, Pennsylvania. The survey was distributed online through snowball sampling to three locally-based environmental organizations who assisted with dissemination by distributing to email lists and posting the survey link to company websites and social media platforms (i.e. – Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) to obtain potentially more environmentally conscious individuals. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize and analyze data and to generate charts, graphs, and tables that were created using Microsoft Excel. Individuals involved or associated with local environmental organizations seemed to be relatively familiar with the concept of HHW, however, they still face difficulties finding information regarding where and how to dispose of some, or all HHW in the City. The survey revealed misconceptions and misunderstandings about HHW in the Meadville community, and highlighted barriers to proper disposal including limited educational and informational materials on HHW. A health and environmental education campaign was developed and proposed as a possible solution for the City to implement.

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Marszalek, Ray

Title: The Impact of Simulated Acid Rain on Soil-Dwelling Arthropod Communities
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Acid rain, primarily composed of nitrogen and sulfur oxides, lowers the pH of ecosystems, leading to the removal of important nutrients from the soil. Several studies have evaluated how increased nitrogen in forest ecosystems impact aspects such as soil nutrients and forest growth, yet very few that have studied the impacts that nitrogen has on invertebrates. Soil-dwelling invertebrates play a key role in forest ecosystems, serving as important links in the food web as well as the cycling of nutrients. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of increased levels of nitrogen on populations and communities of arthropods in and on forest soils. By comparing samples collected within control plots and plots with simulated acid rain that have been part of a long-term on-going study on nitrogen deposition, invertebrates were collected and identified. The increased nitrogen significantly affected only two of the 19 groups (P < 0.05), while month and leaf litter types had the greatest influence on the abundance and richness of the plots. Return to Top

Martin, Alexandria

Title: Does Hydrofracking Increase Forest Fragmentation: A Case Study Conducted in Cumberland Township, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This study focused on the connection between forest fragmentation and hydraulic fracturing, and more specifically, if gas well pads exacerbated forest loss in Cumberland Township, Pennsylvania between the years of 2001 and 2016. The majority of the work that was done for this project was conducted through ArcGIS Pro 2.7.0, which was used to create visual interpretations of the data as well as calculate the amount of forest fragmentation that had occurred in relation to the amount of wells present (ESRI, 2020). It was ultimately discovered that this study’s hypothesis proved to be correct; the perimeter of the forest in Cumberland Township increased as the area of the forest decreased. While some of this fragmentation is due to the construction of well pads, a significant portion of the wells in Cumberland Township have not caused forest fragmentation. The step-by-step methodology used in this study could be beneficial for others who wish to replicate aspects of this project for their own research. Additionally, in the future, researchers may build off of this study in order to, for instance, examine the consequences of well drilling on human health.

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Miller, Meghan

Title: Prognosis on Period Products: Ranking menstrual products on their Environmental and Health impacts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: For sanitary and health reasons, period products are a must for people who menstruate. With all the product choices out there, though, which are the best for the body and the environment? In order to rank the best and the worst menstrual products, a life cycle analysis was conducted as well as health assessments for four different feminine hygiene products. People deserve to know what is going into their bodies and whether or not an item is bad for the environment and/or themselves. By pulling together numerous sources on period products, I hope to create a literature review that puts to rest questions pertaining to the ecological and human health effects of Disposable Pads, Tampons, Menstrual Cups, and Reusable Pads.

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Myschisin, Jessica

Title: Growing in the Garden: A School Garden Initiative to Promote Experiential Learning at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: School gardens and garden-based learning have gained great popularity and attention in recent years. Garden-based experiential learning activities are increasingly being used in schools to improve youth attitudes toward healthy foods, to increase nutrition education, to improve mental and emotional well-being, to help develop essential life skills, to promote personal and social development, and to help develop environmental awareness and enhance academic learning. The primary purpose of this project was to develop a garden landscape design and a crop plan to aid in the establishment of a school garden at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School in Kittanning, Pennsylvania. The garden landscape design was produced, by hand, and illustrates the proposed layout plan for the school garden. This garden design was created in collaboration with Life Skills Support faculty at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School and complies with specific guidelines set forth by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The crop plan was developed using Google Sheets and mimics that of the Carr Hall Garden at Allegheny College. The following crops were selected in accordance with Life Skills Support faculty at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School and are included in the crop plan: lettuce (Latuca sativa), cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo), carrots (Daucus carota), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The completed garden landscape design and the crop plan were compiled into a school garden manual. The school garden manual was delivered to administrators and Life Skills Support faculty at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School to prepare them for the successful implementation and sustainment of an effective school garden program.

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O’Leary, Terrance

Title: Assessment of Lake Erie Tributaries for Potential Hydropower Sites
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: One of the most pressing issues the world faces today is how society will generate energy sustainably. The United States consumed approximately 100.2 quadrillion British Thermal Units of energy in the year 2019 (U.S. Energy Facts Explained, 2020). The issue with the way energy is generated in the United States is that fossil fuels make up the majority of our energy consumption. This study focuses on finding potential small-scale hydropower locations in northwest Pennsylvania to transition the area to renewable energy sources. An analysis of all of the Lake Erie tributaries in northwest Pennsylvania monitored by the United States Geological Survey was conducted. Within google Earth I was able to find any major changes in elevation throughout the tributaries. After narrowing down to locations of interest, Trimble TerraSync Pro was used to collect the elevation data at the upper and lower limits. All water data was accessed from the USGS water data for the tributary. Based on the head and water data of each location, two potential sites located on Walnut Creek proved to have the largest potential for a small-scale hydropower site. Site #1 and site #2 were estimated to generate approximately 59.40 kW and 65.95 kW respectively over the course of a year. If both locations combined their energy generation, they would be able to account for 133 homes based on the average home in the northeast part of the United States. Even though these numbers may not be impressive, this is the first step in the direction of utilizing Lake Erie tributaries as a resource for renewable energy.

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Parulski, Anthony

Title: An Impact Analysis of the invasive Spotted Lanternfly at Erie National Wildlife Refuge
Date: Fall 2020
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a plant-hopper species of insect endemic to Southeast Asia. This species is considered a pest in northwestern Pennsylvania. It was discovered in Berks County, PA in 2014 and has since spread to neighboring counties, officially making it an invasive species. It has been known to feed on over a dozen species of trees, causing a multitude of problems that could eventually lead to the host-plant’s death. This is a relatively unknown invasive species that could spread throughout the eastern United States. This project identified high-risk forest areas in the Sugar Lake division of Erie National Wildlife Refuge, and highlights/expands upon any effective prevention methods that would be pertinent if the species were to arrive in the area. This includes the removal of any host trees in a newly invaded zone, or the use of two species of fungus known to eradicate SLF populations. Floral species composition fieldwork was conducted at all potential host sites in the aforementioned section of Erie National Wildlife Refuge using a method that estimates the relative floral composition of different areas of the refuge. This study found that certain areas of the refuge are inherently at higher risk compared to others based on susceptibility ratios. These ratios were calculated by comparing the number of high-risk trees to the number of lower-risk trees, with an average value of .6913. Research shows that areas with larger bodies of water (mainly ones that house waterfowl/migratory bird nesting areas) should be of high concern, considering how these bodies of water overlap/interact in areas that have higher potential to be impacted by a spotted lanternfly infestation. This is extremely important because the introduction of an invasive species in any given ecosystem will have extremely adverse effects, and heavily forested areas such as ENWR could be subject to extreme tree damage if the spotted lanternfly were to invade an area where an effective management plan is not preemptively in place.

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Petitta, Isabella

Title: Wild Bee Species Diversity Supported in Conventional Soybean Fields Located in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Conventional agriculture and crop intensification can be detrimental to wild bee populations due to synthetic pesticide use and habitat destruction; however, there is a lack of research that identifies wild bee abundance, richness, and diversity in conventional, no-till agricultural fields. This study investigated the abundance, richness, and diversity of wild bees in conventional, no-till soybean fields in Meadville, PA. Wild bee populations were sampled in 2017 during soybean bloom using white and yellow bowl traps. Bees were identified to species, and abundance, richness, and diversity were compared across sampling dates and areas within each field. Over a four-week blooming period, 1,091 wild bees were collected. Among the bees collected, fourteen genera and over sixty species were identified. Halictidae was the most commonly collected family; Lasioglossum leucozonium, Lasioglossum zephyrus, Lasioglossum zonulum were the most abundant species collected. The greatest number of bees was collected during full soybean bloom. During all sampling periods, a greater number of bees were collected at field edge zones compared to interior field zones. Identified bee abundance and species richness indicates that no-till methods may promote ground-nesting, solitary bees in soybean fields.

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Pittman, Jaelise

Title: How Can I Make a Microplastics Lesson Plan for Freshwater Academy?
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Microplastic debris is widely distributed in many freshwater waterways and systems. While there isn’t much research done based on the impacts microplastics have on human health, many plastics carry chemical pollutants and directly affect freshwater ecosystems. By researching the two teaching approaches Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Meaningful Watershed Education Experiences (MWEE), a lesson plan will be made for Creek Connections’ Freshwater Academy at Allegheny College to educate on this issue. Students being taught with the MWEE approach reported an increase in students’ environmental stewardship characteristics, the intention to act and interact in complex ways. Moreover, an increase in environmentally responsible behaviors was reported. It should be noted that these increases were a result of the combination of both the MWEE essential elements and MWEE supporting practices. For the students who were taught using the PBL approach, they reported that PBL helped increase and sustain knowledge for science subjects. This was observed through real-world problem solving based on information gained during experimentation. Also, students reported learning easier with the PBL approach due to being able to learn the main course material from completing the projects. A lesson plan for Creek Connections’ Freshwater Academy at Allegheny College was put together as a result of researching the two teaching approaches and microplastic pollution. By taking the effective approaches used in the past lessons a new lesson plan was created and evaluated for the Freshwater Academy.

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Reid-Harris, Jasmine

Title: Green Black Wall Street: The Importance of a Space Dedicated to Black Environmentalism
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The hunt to find Black Owned Green Businesses is exactly that, a hunt. Having to do extensive research to find something as simple as a Black-Owned vegan restaurant can be extremely discouraging and sway consumers who are not aware of Black Owned Green Businesses away from pursuing them. This project will investigate some neuromarketing techniques of placement, location, as well as design in an online environment as it relates to the customer’s perception of overall convenience. I then highlight the importance of a space dedicated to Black Environmentalism for not only the Black community but also the overall success of Black Green Businesses. Through reviewing published literature from, 2016-now, on convenience in relation to consumer behavior I have found that consumers relate positive online and in person experiences to how convenient said experience was. I further proved this by reviewing existing businesses Airbnb and Ubereats as well as the design of shopping malls/centers and highlighted the success in revenue generated of these business models. Throughout my project, I call this a “œcentralized business model” where consumers have access to a variety of businesses, products, or services in one convenient location. From historic examples to current business models and literature that correlates customer satisfaction to convenience, I have concluded that providing a space, preferably online, dedicated to Black-Owned Green Businesses will improve the overall success and exposure of these businesses.

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Savino, Max

Title: The effect of water velocity on water chemistry and trout in Pennsylvania spillways
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission stock millions of dollars® worth of trout into Pennsylvanian trout streams each year and trout fishing adds millions of dollars to the Pennsylvanian economy in just the 1st two weeks of trout season (Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. 2019). The health of the stocked trout is important to the continuation of this fishery. Because of this, the study of trout habitats and the stocking sites are important for the determination of where to stock and when. My study site is Woodcock Creek in Crawford County PA. The stocked area of Woodcock Creek is downstream of Woodcock Dam, the rate of flow of which is controlled by the spillway. My study is looking at how the rate of flow coming out of the dam influences water quality variables that are important for trout health. The objective of my study is to analyze the water quality variables of the downstream section and compare them to each other and to water velocity. Water velocity had little impact on water quality, with the only significant correlation being the relationship between water velocity and temperature. The two test sites water quality was different in one way, that being their respective velocities.

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Schmidt, Sarah

Title: Student experiences in the Business and Economics Department: Implications for gender disparity
Date: Fall 2021
Major(s): Economics & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: At the undergraduate level, student experiences play an important role in determining entrance and persistence across fields, including economics. Gendered differences in student experiences and reasons for choosing business and economics majors can be used to understand the dynamics that lead to the gender disparities. Previous research has shown that barriers are present on both the supply and demand side that prevent women from pursuing an economic course of study. On the supply side, math intensity, lack of knowledge, and lack of role models can all be preventative barriers to entry for female students. On the demand side, biased attitudes and microaggressions can limit opportunities for female students to excel in the field. I use data gathered through focus groups of Allegheny College business and economics students to perform a qualitative analysis of student experiences in search of gender differences that could explain the disparity in the department. Additional data is gathered using a Survey of Economic Attitudes to test for gender differences in attitudes towards economics as a field of study and certain economics concepts, with particular attention paid to environmental attitudes. The results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis show that male and female students do indeed have different experiences in the business and economics majors. In addition, there are supply side barriers present among female students at Allegheny College. The Survey of Economic Attitudes showed that female students do tend to have a more negative view of economics as a field, although not significantly. Women do have significantly more socially-conscious attitudes while male students have opinions aligned more with neoclassical, neoliberal economic teachings.

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Scowden, MaryEllen

Title: Rabbits as a Sustainable Meat Source in the U.S.
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Meat production has many impacts on the environment. A growing population is leading to an increase in meat consumption. As countries develop, they consume more meat. There is an increasing demand for a more environmentally friendly meat option. Rabbits can be raised in small cages, and can produce a lot of meat efficiently. They are also a healthier option because their meat contains less fat and sodium. Rabbit meat also contains more nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus than beef, pork and chicken. This study looks at gestation, space needed for production, feed conversion ratios, electricity usage, water usage and manure usage of beef cattle, pig, chicken and rabbit production. This research uses a literature review to compare the different aspects of production. The literature review found that chickens were the best source of meat with the parameters that were looked at in the study. Rabbits can be raised in small or large scale which could lead to more sustainable practices. The stigma around rabbit meat is a large factor when considering them as a sustainable meat source. The lack in research done on rabbit meat production was a limitation of the study. Future research is needed on rabbits to conduct a complete environmental impact analysis.

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Smith, Eli

Title: Are Brown Rats a More Eco-Friendly Alternative to Chickens in Cat Food?
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Recent studies have taken an interest in the ecological footprints of companion animals such as cats and dogs, trying to figure out what impact they have on global greenhouse emissions. Understanding their environmental impact often utilizes food consumption as a primary indicator for greenhouse emissions. However, these studies analyze traditional meat sources that share similar pathways with the food that humans consume. There is little speculative data on the potential for utilizing meat that might be considered unfit for many western cultures to eat, but perfectly viable for a dog or cat. This study aims to identify an alternative source of meat for canned cat food that diverges from traditional meats such as pork, beef, lamb, or in this case: chicken. At its heart, this study wants to know: Are rodents a more eco-friendly pet food than chickens? To start addressing this question, this study examined the food and water intake of a Cornish Cross chicken and Sprague-Dawley brown rat compared to the amount of cat food that could be made out of them. The results show that the chicken is able to consume less food and water per can of cat food that it can make. These results likely come down to the years of research and progress on chicken development and optimization, as well as biological differences between the chicken and rat. This study highlights just one potential alternative meat source for pet foods, while calling for an assessment of other foods that may go uneaten by a human, but not by a cat. Could capybaras, guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, or even crickets be used instead of animals that Americans eat? Research opportunities in these areas are ample and necessary as we take our pets with us into the future.

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Spotts, Steven

Title: The Economic Effects of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on Businesses in the City of Erie, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are an invasive species of freshwater mussel that are known to inhabit Lake Erie. Dating back to their first sighting within the lake in the 1980s, fish populations, native clam species, and local business have been impacted. Within the last forty years, these mussels have cost residents, boat owners, and local business a considerable amount of money in damages such as boat repair and decline of certain fish species. Repairs range from hatcheries having to raise more fish to keep up with population decline and locals having to repair personal or commercial boats due to zebra mussels ruining motors and the hull. The goal of this study is to analyze the impact zebra mussels have on local business in the city of Erie, Pennsylvania, by assessing how much money is spent annually on correcting these issues. A short survey was conducted with local stakeholders including marinas and boat repair shops. A total of 2 boat marinas and 1 boat repair shop responded to electronic survey. Results were compiled from the 3 sources and it was determined that the presence of zebra mussels is not affecting local business the same today as they were back in the 1980s and 1990s.

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Storer, Nicoleena Storer

Title: Where to Dig for Digger Crayfish: A Habitat Suitability Analysis in the Northwestern Glaciated Plateau Region of Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Digger Crayfish, Creaserinus fodiens, was discovered in Pennsylvania in 2014, bringing into question the extent of the population in Pennsylvania, given that it was not previously believed to exist there. To aid in the surveying for this species a suitability map of the Pennsylvania region of Northwestern Glaciated Plateau (NWGP) was created using GIS techniques. A multicriteria evaluation was done using a weighted linear combination to take into account six variables deemed important for Digger Crayfish habitat. The fifteen largest, highly-scored sites were further analyzed, taking into account roadways and verification of land cover through aerial photography. The top five most suitable sites were selected and the roadways of each were ranked by how suitable the surrounding land cover was for Digger Crayfish. Four of those five sites are located in Crawford County, the remaining site was located in Erie County. French Creek Watershed contained four of the sites, Oil Creek Watershed contained the other top site. Being that the Digger Crayfish is a primary burrowing crayfish, the surveying process is time consuming and the use of a suitability map increases the efficiency of searches. The knowledge on Digger Crayfish locations facilitates an increase in ecological observation of this species for a deeper understanding of its ecological relationships in the NWGP. A more comprehensive evaluation of the Digger Crayfish population can further aid in determining if a conservation plan needs to be implemented for the Digger Crayfish population in Pennsylvania.

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Sullivan, Jeremiah

Title: Valuation of Superfund Site Using a Hedonic Pricing Model
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: In response to growing public knowledge about the health risks posed by hazardous waste, the United States Congress responded with the establishment of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This act, informally called Superfund, provides funding and authority to the EPA regarding the cleanup of applicable sites. While the exact health risk posed by a Superfund site depends on the nature of the site, those living in close proximity to the sites have worse health outcomes in regard to certain ailments. These risks were expected to be reflected in sale prices of homes in close proximity. Using Hedonic Pricing Models, the effect of proximity was predicted. Significant evidence was found that with 3200 meters of the specified Superfund Sites an additional 1 meter away from the site resulted in a $11.38 increase in price over an otherwise identical house.

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Thompson, Sophie

Title: Sterile: The Pros and Cons of Surfactants
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Art: Art and Technology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: We use these products everyday to feel safe. They are a staple of the home, and of a healthier lifestyle. Just add water and watch as potentially harmful bacteria are banished down the drain. Now more than ever during the COVID-19 pandemic the use of surfactants in consumer goods is integral to daily life. But what happens once they serve their purpose in our home? In the United States, surfactants when rinsed down the drain become a component of wastewater effluent flowing through a web of sewage infrastructure to be treated. Going untreated, surfactants pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems, specifically the respiratory and reproductive abilities of freshwater fish. In this project, soaps and detergents are a conduit for the audience to think critically about the man-made and maintained structures we depend on. Implicating soaps and detergents as a part of a larger waste effluent pollution problem in our waters. To facilitate that discussion, I am engaging my audience with Sterile, an interactive multimedia installation with video and audio components. By connecting the self to a larger whole, Sterile compels the viewer to reclaim an active role in this cyclical process.

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Trombola, Daniel

Title: An Exploration into a Compost Heat Exchange System at Allegheny College
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This project chronicles the creation of a compost heat exchange system to heat a chicken coop in the Carr Hall Garden (“Carrdenâ€) at Allegheny College. The project utilized a collection of past compost heat capture methods, interviews with thermal energy experts and the needs of Carrden staff. These methods resulted in a system design for implementation of the heat exchange system into the Carrden. The system design utilizes the hydronic method and contains unique features such as vertical aeration pipes, a solar powered pump, and a car radiator which acts as a heat distribution method to heat a chicken coop during winter months. This selected design has the potential to increase egg laying potential of chickens below 50 degrees and could reduce chicken illnesses when temperatures are below freezing.

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Van Meter, John

Title: Energy Development in the Four Corners: A Prospective Study of Diné Coal Workers Perspective on the Coal Industry
Date: Fall 2021
Major(s): En

Ackerman, George

Title: Local Foods in Meadville: Shopping Decisionsand Perceptions
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Economics & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Food systems area subject of interest for researchers due to their importance to economic,environmental, ecological, and human health systems. This study aims to gain insight into the food system in Meadville, Pennsylvania through the lens of a sample of consumers. The survey included questions in four categories: demographics,method of food acquisition, what drives food shopping decisions, general attitudes of interest,and perceptions of local food and food more generally in Meadville. The sample is more white and richer than the Meadville population.Respondents generally had a positive view of local foods, but it seems that these views did not translate to the type of demand necessary to scale up local foods systems. Overall, the results suggest that local foods play no more than a supplemental role in food purchases, and oftentimes less than that. Results also suggest a possibility for a gap in demand for local foods and supply for local foods, especially in areas where prices for local foods are like foods produced by conventional means and where convenience of purchasing local foods can be increased.

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Ankney, Rachael

Title: Environmental Impacts of Religious Idol Immersion within Indian Aquatic Ecosystems
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Durga Puja and Ganesh Chaturthi festivals are significant within Hindu religious culture with various south Asian countries partaking in the annual celebrations. Festivities include the creation of numerous idols in honor of the celebrated god/goddess, which are painted with vivid colors and adorned with a plethora of various garments and trinkets. At the end of the multi-day celebrations, the idols are paraded to the shores of nearby bodies of water in which they are then immersed, allowing the deity to return home. In ancient Hindu traditions, this practice of idol immersion was symbolic as the clay which was taken from the earth to form the idol was returned to the earth once again. The sentiment still remains within the practice today, however, modern idols are more commonly made using materials such as plaster of paris and are painted with colors often containing harmful chemicals including heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, magnesium, mercury, and numerous others. Exposure of the idol to water leads to contamination of the aquatic ecosystem, threatening plant, animal, and even human health. Knowing that these practices are crucial parts of the Hindu faith, religious scholarly theories combined with environmental research are presented as a means of suggesting alterations to idol immersion festivals in the hopes of altering celebratory procedure without impeding upon religious practice and ensuring a more environmentally conscious celebration.

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Babic, Tamara

Title: Negative Effects Of Electronic Cigarettes On The Environment And Human Health
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biochemistry & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Electronic cigarettes are devices that contain harmful chemicals and parts that pose a threat to both environment and human health. They consist of lithium batteries and plastic pods that contribute to biohazard and e-waste. Chemicals from these devices such as formaldehyde and potassium bromate are carcinogenic and cause DNA damage like single-stranded breaks, double-stranded breaks, DNA protein crosslinks, and oxidative stress in humans. Pathways like non-homologous end joining, homologous recombination, and base excision repair are responsible for repairing these damages and there are genes like MRE11 and OGG1 involved in these pathways. Research showed that when genes like CHTF8 and DSCC1 are absent, the cells become more sensitive to formaldehyde and potassium bromate. The aim of the study is through a literature search to determine if e-cigarettes will contribute to biohazard, e-waste, pollution of water and to examine the mutation status of the DSCC1 and CHTF8, genes that confer resistance to potassium bromate and formaldehyde, and the outcome of the deficiency of those genes in cancer tissue. The results showed that lithium batteries and plastic pods are a huge reason for biohazard and e-waste. My results also suggest that in general there is no association of MRE11 and OGG1 amplification with the absence of CHTF8 and DSCC1 with one exception which is that there is an association between CHTF8 homozygous deletion and amplification of the OGG1 that is involved in BER genes.

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Barbera, Gretchen

Title: A Quantitative Analysis of Microfiber Production On and Off Allegheny College Campus
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plastic has become one of the leading pollutants in aquatic ecosystems and projections predict pollution to exponentially increase with rising populations and demand. Microfibers, a subgroup of primary microplastics, are one of the most uncontrolled and difficult pollutants to eliminate once having entered the environment. Microfibers are small (< 5mm) strings of plastic manufactured specifically in the textile industry. One of the main pathways for microfibers to enter the environment is through wastewater, specifically washing machine wastewater. In this study, the average weight of microfibers produced from a routine load of laundry is evaluated to understand an individual’s contribution to microfiber pollution. Two separate testing sites were evaluated to understand the relationship between microfiber shed release and routine washing preferences. A wet-sieving technique was used to filter microfibers from washing machine wastewater. Fibers collected from the filtration system were dried and weighed and were calculated to estimate the average microfiber production produced by an individual in a 52-week year. This study found that there were no significant differences between microfibers produced and the testing sites. There were no significant differences between the microfiber production between the researcher and other Allegheny-student participants. This study found that an individual produces 5.278g of microfibers in a 52-week year and the Allegheny student body produces 9,500.4 gin a 52-week year. Return to Top

Barney, Meredith

Title: Macroinvertebrate Diversity of the French Creek Watershed, and Expected Changes Due to the Invasive Round Goby
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, is an invasive fish species originating from Europe and Asia that was introduced to the Great Lakes region in 1990. The species’ aggressive nature, frequent spawning, and ability to adapt to different environments has allowed it to quickly overtake ecosystems and expand its geographic range. The round goby was first spotted in French Creek, a tributary to the Allegheny River, in 2013. The effects of the goby on this highly biodiverse watershed are not well understood. Based on research in similar locations, native fish species are expected to struggle due to issues of diet overlap and shelter accessibility. There is an existing research gap regarding the goby’s impacts on macroinvertebrates, but they also appear to be declining, due to goby predation. To help bridge this gap, the purpose of this study was to evaluate current macroinvertebrate diversity and stream health of French Creek in areas without gobies. Specifically, to obtain baseline data for future comparisons, and to make predictions on how the goby will impact these populations once the species becomes more established in the area. Six total macroinvertebrate samples were collected via kicknets from French Creek in Venango and Waterford, Pennsylvania. A total of 48 families were represented among all samples, and chironomids were the most abundant taxa. Other common species found were elmid riffle beetles, hydropsychids, simuliids, heptageniids, and potamanthids. Average Shannon-Diversity levels were (H’=2.80), percent EPT taxa (x̄=41.97), and Index of Biotic Integrity (x̄=52.5). Calculations showed good diversity levels, but lower numbers of pollution sensitive species, which may indicate poor water quality. Density, diversity, percent EPT taxa, and overall IBI scores are expected to decline in the creek as goby populations increase. More macroinvertebrate samples need to be taken from various locations and seasons from French Creek to accurately assess current ecosystem health and diversity levels. These samples and calculations will act as important comparisons once round gobies become more established in French Creek and will be useful in preserving the creek’s health and biodiversity.

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Beard, Nate

Title: Weaponized Landscapes: Case Studies of United States Wartime Tactics of Strategic Environmental Destruction and Forced Urbanization
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science & History
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The United States Military has a history of altering to enemy environments to give the US an upper hand during armed conflicts. Entire landscapes are changed in ways that fundamentally change the ecosystem for decades to centuries with little regard for the native population or environment. This is often done via controversial means that have been compared to war crimes, however the US excels at maintaining a legal grey area for their methods. Three case studies were chosen as examples of US tactics: Sherman’s March to the Sea, The Manhattan Project and subsequent bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and finally Operation Ranch Hand in the Vietnam War. These cases show that the extent of the destruction relates to the effectiveness of the tactic. The tactics used by Sherman helped exacerbate the pre-existing environmental struggles of the South, changing the landscape into one where farming was not viable for some time. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki crippled both cities, and showed the newfound destructive power that America had and was willing to use, leading to the surrender of Imperial Japan. Operation Ranch Hand, despite its lasting environmental detriments, failed to fundamentally change rural Vietnam and could not force urbanization, leading to the withdrawal of troops. These case studies are intended to show a pattern of destruction perpetuates throughout different eras American history, and still occurs to this day.

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Bebee, Noah

Title: An assessment of beekeeping (Apis mellifera) taking into account changing weather patterns in Northwest Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Based on climate projections, the optimal zone for humans by 2070 includes Pennsylvania, suggesting that the temperature will increase by at least 3° F, and the change in seasons will be less drastic than is observed today (Xu et al., 2020). Heavy precipitation has increased by approximately 55% since 1958 in the Northeast U.S. region, a trend projected to continue in the future (Hayhoe et al., 2018). Seasonally, winter precipitation will likely increase 15-20%, and spring precipitation by 10-15% (ibid). A changing climate under these conditions could cause unprecedented changes to flora and honeybees in Northwest Pennsylvania. Valuations of crops pollinated by honeybees in 1987 and 2000 reached $9.3 billion and $14.6 billion, respectively, in the United States alone (Kevan et al., 2006). By 2005, crop pollination’s worldwide valuation reached $168 billion, almost 10% of worldwide food production (Gallai et al., 2009). This study consisted of two main research objectives: to determine beekeeping management techniques by beekeepers within the Northwest Pennsylvania region and to investigate weather patterns specific to Erie, Pennsylvania, including temperature, precipitation, and snowfall over the past five years. The literature supported information gained from interviewing a local beekeeper. Overall, plant and honeybee phenology will likely advance together, but both species will be put in danger throughout the seasons by changing weather patterns. A longer growing season impacts plant processes such as reproduction and senescence and makes honeybees more susceptible to mite infestation and disease late in the pollination season. Future studies should follow a similar format with more interviews and data collection to determine future regional viability accounting for climate change.

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Beck, Margo

Title: Konialian’s Kitchen: Sustainable Meals for your Wallet and the Planet
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Many individuals of Generation Z are currently graduating from university. These young adults are now faced with making their own decisions about food consumption without the influence of parental figures. Gen Zers are aware of the impacts of climate change and the need to be environmentally friendly. Providing this population with ecologically friendly recipes can help them make better food choices for the environment. This generation is plagued with student debt, which impacts their consumption behavior. As “digital nativesâ€, Gen Zers often acquire recipes via the internet. A website with ecological and affordable recipes is a favorable medium for these individuals to have access to a resource which helps them make environmentally friendly food decisions. This website includes multiple Mediterranean recipes since they are cost effective and ecologically sound due to a focus on plant-based food items rather than those sourced from animals (https://konialianskitchen.wixsite.com/website). These recipes list price per serving, carbon footprint, and water footprint calculated to demonstrate how they have a significantly smaller environmental impact and monetary cost in comparison to other foods such as a Big Mac. Providing this analysis will allow for new graduates to recognize the impact of their food choices and make decisions that adhere to their financial constraints and their desire to address climate change with their consumption behaviors. With more people eating Mediterranean food, some of the harmful effects of agriculture production that contribute to climate change may diminish as this diet requires less water and emits fewer carbon dioxide equivalents.

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Besenfelder, Atlas

Title: Sustainable Eradication of Autumn Olive for Private Landowners
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) was brought to the United States in 1830 and was planted in large quantities by land managers to prevent erosion and to create windbreaks in the 1940’s (Voyle, 2018). Several years later the negative impacts caused by the autumn olive became apparent to land managers across the country. This study examines the most successful and sustainable way to control this invasive species in a wooded area located in Hinckley, Ohio. Three control methods have been selected to eradicate the autumn olive: chemical, mechanical, and hybrid. These controls will be observed and deemed either successful or unsuccessful; or sustainable or unsustainable. Through identifying the best control method and spreading knowledge of the findings, private landowners will have knowledge of the best management practices for eradicating the autumn olive on their property. Despite the treatments having success rates up to 62.5%, the statistical analysis found that there was not a significant difference between the effectiveness of each treatment type.

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Betts, Madison

Title: Comparing predation response in wild vs. cultured Chesapeake logperch (Percina bimaculata) in a lab setting
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Chesapeake logperch, recently determined to be genetically different from the common logperch, is listed as a threatened species in Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Stauffer Lab at Penn State University has begun rearing and releasing Chesapeake logperch into tributaries of the lower Susquehanna River drainage to prevent further population decline. Many studies, however, have shown reared fishes have lower survival rates than their wild relatives after release, and one explanation of this observation is predation. Fishes generally rely on visual and/or chemosensory cues to alert them to the presence of predators, but recognition of these cues can be innate or learned behavior. This study investigated whether predator recognition and avoidance strategies are innate or learned behavior for Chesapeake logperch. This objective was approached by conducting a series of experiments that exposed both wild-caught and cultured fish to visual and chemosensory cues using smallmouth bass, a predator of Chesapeake logperch. Visual cues were simulated by allowing logperch to see bass through a plexiglass divider; chemosensory cues were simulated by pumping predator-conditioned water through an experimental tank. Both sets of trials produced results that indicated there was no significant difference between wild and cultured Chesapeake logperch behavior (p > 0.05). Additionally, within the visual trials, it was noted that both wild and cultured logperch spent significantly more time in the same tank quadrant (p < 0.01). The results indicated cultured logperch react to threats similarly to wild logperch and antipredator behavior is likely innate. Even so, the results of this study should be merged with the rest of the Stauffer Lab’s data, which assessed logperch reactions to snakehead and American eel visual and chemosensory cues, before drawing firm conclusions about the predation response of Chesapeake logperch. A thorough and accurate understanding of how Chesapeake logperch react to cues from predators is essential for the success of conservation efforts. Return to Top

Blaisdell, Autumn

Title: Incorporating Courtyards as a Sustainable Design in Vernacular Architecture to Decrease Energy Use and Increase Thermal Comfort
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Courtyards have been around for millennia operating as microclimate modifiers before fossil fuel-based cooling technologies began dominating worldwide energy consumption. The main goal of this study investigates the implications of reintroducing courtyards and its accompanying strategies into vernacular architecture as a passive sustainable design that aims at decreasing energy use and increasing thermal comfort. As a descriptive-analytic study, the literature review for this paper focuses on peer-reviewed articles on successful designs of courtyards in hot-arid and tropical climates, climatic responsive designs and passive energy solutions in order to demonstrate that appropriately designed courtyards are legitimate architecture that can decrease energy use and increase thermal comfort. Studies on courtyards and its accompanying strategies such as passive cooling and heat mitigation techniques were analyzed, and their results observed. The results presented that instituting climate-appropriate designs such as vegetation, dimension rations, natural ventilation, wall type and orientation of courtyards into buildings decreases energy use and increases thermal comfort. From successful courtyard designs, this study will interpret incorporating courtyards into homes and neighborhoods in the tropical savannah microclimate of Kapolei, O`ahu. Also, this study aims to add knowledge of the energy efficiency of courtyards to the field of sustainable development.

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Blum, Lindsay

Title: Don’t Cry Over Spilt Milk: Connecting New College Graduates to Their Milk Through Podcasts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Conventional agriculture is a commonly used practice to supply the growing global population with food. Overall, this type of agriculture has proven to have negative effects on the environment such as contributing to enormous amounts of greenhouse gases, degrading water sources, and land quality. As students are graduating college and making decisions on how to spend their money, it is imperative they make the choice that best supports the environment, specifically in grocery stores. Now more than ever, technology, specifically podcasts, are used as a means of gaining information especially amongst the younger generation. Popular press and academic scholarship were used to collect data and to create a podcast, aimed at newly graduated college students, to inform them of the sustainable milk options at the grocery store. This work intended to communicate, through podcasts, the environmental impacts of dairy milk and alternative milks. The four podcast episodes that resulted from this project can be found here: https://soundcloud.com/user-536273777.

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Bramwell, Stephanie

Title: Framing Curbside Food Composting in Politically Conservative Communities
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This paper investigates how newspapers in politically conservative towns frame local curbside food waste composting programs. Increasingly popular in communities across the United States, curbside composting is a convenient way for households to participate in sustainable waste management. Composting food waste reduces greenhouse gas emissions from landfills and the production of synthetic fertilizers. Frames are the inclusion and saliency of information. Analyzing frames in news articles provides insight into the issue narratives among reporters, government officials, and, to some extent, the public. To better understand why politically conservative communities in the United States offer curbside pickup of food waste for composting programs, the frames in thirty-five news articles from Fridley and Hutchinson, Minnesota were analyzed. The economic costs frame was the most prevalent, followed, in no particular order, by economic opportunities, growth, success, and community pride. Variations in frame prevalence and usage were observed between the two communities. This paper contributes to understandings of how environmental sustainability initiatives are perceived and considers the question of why such programs may appeal to politically conservative communities.

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Collier, Claire

Title: Feasibility of a Public Transportation System in Yellowstone National Park
Date: Fall 2020
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Yellowstone National Park (hereafter referred to as Yellowstone) is experiencing increased visitation in a time when sustainable development is being widely adopted. Because of this, a solution is needed to alleviate the overcrowded conditions in Yellowstone. The objective of this study is to determine if it is feasible and practical for Yellowstone to implement a public transportation system to reduce stressors on the park caused by excessive private vehicle use. Ideally, this system would consist of frequent and abundant loop shuttle services for the different regions of the park. Because of high levels of overcrowding and traffic congestion, this study proposes to start with a bus loop for the West Yellowstone to Old Faithful corridor that travels back and forth between the two destinations. This study takes a multi-step approach to analyze the feasibility of public transportation in Yellowstone. First, it analyzes public opinion on national park shuttles. Costs and benefits are analyzed for the potential shuttle system. While the costs were found to be very high, especially the upfront capital costs, Yellowstone is encouraged to implement public transportation to any extent because of the numerous short-term and long term benefits that it provides for the park’s natural resources, visitors, and spending budget.

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Cooper, Nicholas

Title: Extraction of Electrical Parameters Utilizing Dark IV Curves to Explain Solar Panel Degradation
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The disposal of aged or degraded solar panels can lead to an increased use of landfills and toxic waste leaching into the soil, as efficient forms of recycling solar panels have not yet been financially sensible. In an attempt to mitigate this waste, solar panels should first be examined to see whether or not they should be reused and repaired, or discarded all together. Through the creation and utilization of dark IV curves, eleven solar panels taken from Meadville High School have been examined and had the electrical parameters measured. These include shunt resistance, series resistance, ideality factor, and saturation current, in order to identify limiting factors and measure levels of degradation, as well as provide a recommendation on whether or not these solar panels should be used again in the future.

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Dancewicz Helmers, Gretchen

Title: Designing and Constructing the Tools Needed for a Garden Program
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to promote garden education and encourage students to interact with their outdoor environment. Research has shown that incorporating natural settings in educational programming can be beneficial to a student’s learning experience. Garden-based education can be an avenue to introduce students to other areas of environmental education and developing environmental consciousness. Saegertown Elementary School in Pennsylvania is interested in starting a garden program for their students but lacks the resources needed to implement a program. The main focus of this project is to create an educational garden bed design that could be easily implemented by Saegertown Elementary. The two main documents requested are a design for three garden beds that are accessible for all the students and to create a garden care book detailing maintenance and care.

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Drozd, Jakob

Title: Habitat Likelihood for Wavyleaf Basketgrass (Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius) in the Kanawha-New River Basin
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science & Music
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Wavyleaf basketgrass (Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius) is an invasive grass that was unintentionally introduced to the Mid-Atlantic United States from Eurasia in 1996. The plant is able to thrive in suboptimal habitat and can spread quickly to new habitat via sticky seeds and epizoochory dispersal. Wavyleaf basketgrass has since decimated ecosystems across the east coast by forming dense mats that outcompete native shrubs and seedlings. Conservation organizations at multiple levels of governance are dedicated toward early detection and eradication of the grass as it spreads further from its original habitat. Mapping of current and predicted habitat is ongoing and serves as a critical tool in this effort. This study used GIS-based multi-attribute decision making and fuzzy logic to determine habitat likelihood for wavyleaf basketgrass in the Kanawha-New River basin of West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina. Results show that the region is moderately susceptible to the grass, but should be interpreted with caution as variables were adjusted to match findings of previous literature. Areas showing highest likelihood for wavyleaf basketgrass include the Charleston, WV Metropolitan Area; New River Gorge National Park, WV; and Elk Knob State Park, NC. These sites are suggested for immediate surveying of wavyleaf basketgrass with any necessary eradication measures taken. This study complements ongoing mapping efforts and provides insight into the likelihood of wavyleaf basketgrass invasion in a location where the grass is not yet found for land managers to become proactively educated and prepared.

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DuBois, Dalton

Title: Student Run Home Energy Audit on Allegheny College’s Campus House
Date: Fall 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Inefficient and outdated equipment in residential buildings require more energy than necessary and results in increased GHG emissions. This study provides recommendations for implementing better energy efficiency practices in a campus house owned by Allegheny College. 629/627 North Main Street, located in Meadville Pennsylvania, consumes excessive amounts of energy due to the lack of efficient building materials and efficient appliances. Most of the building materials and appliances are original and need to be replaced. The College’s campus house was inventoried and measured over several months to gather data that was analyzed to provide recommendations for building upgrades. The campus house was modeled under three different scenarios that focused on (1) replacing the windows and doors, (2) lighting, refrigerator, and the dishwasher, and (3) all of these changes. Recommended upgrades could decrease the total energy usage from 430.9 MMBtu/unit/year to 277.4 MMBtu/unit/year. GHG emissions would fall from 38.8 metric tons/year to 16.5 metric tons/year. Payback times for the three scenarios require a payback period of 0.94. The second scenario requires a payback period of 0.16. The third scenario requires a payback period of 1.42.

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Duerr, Benjamin

Title: Fascination and Focus: An Environmental Program for Children with ADHD
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Outdoor education programs often do not bolster children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The curricula may limit access and/or be ineffective for them. This is troubling since research reveals the considerable benefits that natural spaces deliver to children with ADHD. Nature’s wealth of stimuli has a restorative effect which strengthens focus ability and retention of information. This project created a one-week summer day camp program, built around requirements cited by psychologists and outdoor educators, which is accessible and effective for children with ADHD. It developed teaching resources that combine outdoor settings, appropriate teaching methods for children with ADHD, and environmental concepts easily understood by seven-to-eleven-year-olds. The program consists of three documents. A syllabus describes the format, learning objectives, and teaching philosophies incorporated into a day camp course for elementary-aged children. A course timeline summarizes the activities of the camp that explores different outdoor locales each day. Finally, a document containing lesson plans introduces specific lessons and instruction strategies. The concepts, strategies, and activities will enable children with ADHD to use their unique attributes to learn about and advocate for the environment. Children are urged to seek answers to the mysteries of nature; instructors are encouraged to be open to spontaneous experiences. Activities are fast-paced, require few instructions, and teach by doing. At the week’s end, participants will be more comfortable and self-assured in the outdoors. They will understand environmental concepts and human impacts upon nature.

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Franco, Shaellen

Title: Is Sustainability a Game to you? Displacing the LA28 Olympic Games and Envisioning a Sustainable Alternative
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Despite decades of attempted reform to address it’s social, environmental and economic impact, the Olympic Games continue to show a pattern of reoffense and damage to its host cities. Since it’s modern inception, the Games have been instrumental in suppressing political activism and causing infrastructural failure (including environmental degradation) within its host cities, threatening the well-being and health of the environment and community left behind after the closing ceremony. This paper highlights this troubled history and through the lens of an upcoming Olympics host city, Los Angeles, envisions a more sustainable, alternative event in place of the Olympic Games. Using the guidance of Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities from the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, the influence of global cultural festivals and existing national sport initiatives, my proposed alternative, the Anti-Olympics Festival, sets out to imagine a more sustainable and resilient post-Games legacy for host cities, contrary to the devastation that followed former hosts of the Olympic Games.

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Galley, Sara

Title: The Impact of White-Nose Syndrome on Hibernating Bat Species in Western Maryland, U.S.
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Bat populations have been decreasing in North America since 2006 when Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungus that causes white-nose syndrome (WNS), was introduced to New York. WNS was confirmed in 2011 for all Roundtop mines and cave locations in western Maryland. Since that time, there has been limited research or representation on how this fungus has impacted bat species in some states. It has been documented that WNS is causing a dramatic decrease in bat counts. However, it is unclear which species are being impacted the most or at what rate their populations are changing. To assess bat population decline in Maryland, bat count data was collected between 1998-2020 by Daniel Feller from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) Wildlife and Heritage Service. The study region spanned three caves and six Roundtop mines in Western Maryland, United States. The bat species analyzed were; P. subflavus (Tri-Colored Bat), M. lucifugus (Little Brown Bat), M. leibii (Eastern Small-Footed Bat), M. septentrionalis (Northern Long-Eared Bat), and E. fuscus (Big Brown Bat). The total counts had a strong association to the decrease in bats and WNS, except for the Big Brown Bat, which has seen a population increase. Based on these data, the Little Brown Bat and Tri-Colored Bat have had the most drastic decrease in counts and it is recommended that these species should be listed as endangered in Maryland and evaluated through the Endangered Species Act to become federally listed. Further, the Northern Long-Eared Bat and Eastern Small-Footed Bat are data deficient and require more research before listing them.

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Gates, Taylor

Title: Suitability Analysis of River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in Northwestern Pennsylvania and Conservation Efforts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As an apex predator, the river otter (Lontra canadensis) is an essential component of an ecosystem in Northwestern Pennsylvania. Ecosystems often rely on the river otter populations to keep their prey populations controlled. When removing one organism from a delicate ecosystem, there will be others drastically affected and could lose their populations as well. Like other species, river otters can be negatively affected by habitat fragmentation which is why it is important to compare the presence of river otters to land use composition. As a result of human populations continuing to expand, habitat fragmentation will happen more frequently, negatively affecting species populations that require continuous landscapes. This project looks to compare known river otter latrines to the rest of Northwestern Pennsylvania. River otters were reintroduced to many areas in Pennsylvania, such as Tionesta Creek in 1982. Since the reintroduction, their populations have been stable. To determine the presence of river otters, I hiked the Tionesta River and Allegheny River from October to November 2020. In addition, I utilized camera trap data provided by the PA Game Commission and Allegheny College to assess the presence or absence of river otters in Northwestern Pennsylvania. The land use was compared using GIS and shows that a possible issue with areas in Pennsylvania is lack of private areas to establish a latrine away from human interaction and too much agriculture. Using my future results, we can compare the suitability analysis to the rest of Pennsylvania and predict where river otters may be impacted by future habitat fragmentation, or the possible expansion of current populations.

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Goodwin-Bain, Noah

Title: Surveying the Demographic Variability of Allegheny College Students and Their Perceptions of Snakes
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Snakes are widespread animals that play important roles in ecosystems on every major continent except Antarctica. Snakes have value not just because they contribute to important ecosystem functions, but also because they contribute to medical discoveries through their venom, help keep rodent populations in control for humans, and can provide a protein source for some communities. Studies have shown that, like other reptiles, snake populations appear to be in decline, largely from anthropogenic activities. Ophidiophobia, the fear of snakes, is the most common phobia globally, so snake conservation poses some unique challenges that need to be addressed by accurately understanding people’s beliefs and perceptions about snakes. This study examines the perceptions that college students at a liberal arts college in Pennsylvania, USA have towards snakes and their knowledge of the conservation value of snakes. By surveying students at Allegheny College this study provides conservationists with additional information on the perceptions that people who have a diverse range of backgrounds and experiences have of snakes, which could better equip the conservationists to make the best decisions when conserving snakes, and looking to gain public support for conservation initiatives. Chi squared tests of independence were performed, showing a significant relationship between an individual’s fear of snakes, and their willingness to conserve snakes, suggesting that people who are more afraid of snakes are less likely to support conservation initiatives for snakes. In addition, statistical analysis revealed a significant inverse relationship between the number of direct exposures to snakes, and the students’ scores on the SNAQ-12 questionnaire.

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Graf, Alexandra

Title: Food insecurity in the United States: Cultivating a reimagined food system through an analysis of policy deficiencies in relation to psychological and environmental implications
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science & Psychology
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Food insecurity is prevalent throughout the United States and has gotten significantly worse during the COVID-19 pandemic. This has brought increased attention to the issue and has provided an opportunity to discuss components of a reimagined food system in light of its current state of vulnerability. There is a longstanding history of policy and aid being inadequate to meet the needs of those who experience food insecurity. There is a lack of any form of policy to address the systemic issues that are the root causes of food insecurity, and the predominant form of aid lies in SNAP benefits. However, there are still high levels of food insecurity throughout the U.S. This has many psychological implications for those who are food insecure and influences the way that they are able to participate in society. Many of these inadequacies and implications lie in the unsustainable nature of the food system, and therefore solutions must be interdisciplinary and multifaceted. Solutions for food insecurity have come out of community organizing and activism, as opposed to being created through policy. This approach has been effective in mitigating levels of food insecurity; however it is often local or regional. To make systemic change, there must be a shift to rooting solutions in policy in order to bridge the gap between local activism and policy. This should be done through concepts of food justice.

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Hall, Samantha

Title: Comparing Species Richness at River Otter Latrine, Non-Latrine, Latrine and Crossover, and Non-Latrine and Crossover Sites
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is a keystone species in Pennsylvania. They are essential to the health of riparian ecosystems due to their role as an apex predator and transporting nutrients between aquatic and terrestrial environments. Once almost completely extirpated from the United States, river otters are now present in many water systems. River otters use latrines as an area for intraspecific communication, such as reproductive status and resource availability. This communication is presented through scent-marking, which is through defecation, urine, and anal gland secretions. Camera-trapping is one way to continue to monitor river otter populations and can be more accurate and less expensive than other methods used to monitor populations. Further, other species may be attracted to latrine areas, and so it might be useful as a way of monitoring other carnivore populations. For this study, camera trap data was collected by the Pennsylvania Game Commission and Allegheny College. Species richness and the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index was used to compare latrine, non-latrine, latrine and crossover, and non-latrine and crossover sites. The species richness was found for each site type. Latency to detection was found for selected carnivore species, coyotes, bobcats, fishers (Pekania pennanti), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The results of this study showed that the latrine and crossover sites had the highest average species richness. This could have been a result of the lasting scent of otter deposits at latrines, attracting other species. This information can be used to determine possible relocation sites for otters and carnivore species. Further research, would consist of a habitat analysis of the sites to determine what makes them suitable.

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Harrison-Peters, Delaney

Title: Identifying the Main Challenges that Applicants Face during the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) Application Process
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) is a program tailored to graduate students looking to pursue a research based masters or doctoral degree in any of the STEM fields. Therefore, applying to this program could provide a great opportunity for Allegheny students who are interested in STEM research. Unfortunately, many of the students that apply to programs like these often face barriers like low confidence, undecided career goals, and lack of time, which often leads to poor applications. However, many of these barriers can be overcome with access to more information. Due to this, the purpose of my project is to create different informational advertisements to raise awareness about the GRFP, break down the application, and provide useful tips to applicants. To ensure I provided accurate and useful information, I personally underwent the application process to identify the challenges applicants face as well as evaluated existing resources to address their current flaws in my materials. I have identified the main challenges to be that not enough students are aware of the GRFP, finding helpful resources can be challenging, students aren’t aware of the application requirements prior to applying, and that there is little guidance when it comes to career development. As a result, I have created a flyer, pamphlet, Instagram advertisement, and video interview to address these challenges. By improving the method in which this program is advertised, I hope to better prepare applicants before they apply and increase the number of Allegheny students applying to the GRFP.

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Harrod, Will

Title: Effects of forest edge proximity on Hooded Warbler nesting success in Northwestern Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Forest fragmentation is a major cause of nest failure and population decline for migratory songbirds in the United States. Many of the forests in Pennsylvania have been transformed into agricultural or developed land over the past century, putting forest-nesting songbirds into much closer contact with predators and nest parasites. Examining how forest fragmentation affects nesting success of woodland birds can better inform how we manage woodland landscapes. Many previous studies have examined either artificial nests or natural nests over a short period of time. However, few have compared nesting success over many breeding seasons. I examined the effects of forest fragmentation on nest parasitism and nest predation in a color-banded population of hooded warblers (Setophaga citrina) in Crawford County, Pennsylvania. My analysis is based on a sample of 847 nests monitored over eight breeding seasons, 2013-2020. Rates of nest survival and cowbird parasitism were recorded and compared to spatial features of the study region using GIS. Nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was highest in areas far from paved roads. Nest predation was not associated with any of the spatial variables examined but was higher in parasitized nests. The variation in where nests were depredated or parasitized may have been caused by the highly fragmented and variable landscape surrounding the study region, effectively allowing nest predators and parasites to regard the entire study area as an edge. My results suggest managing fragmented landscapes to create larger, more contiguous forest fragments.

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Hill, Susan

Title: Sunscreen UV filters in aquatic environments: A review of their properties and effects on aquatic life
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Sunscreen UV filters have been measured in water bodies all over the world due to the widespread use of sunscreens to protect against UV radiation and skin cancer. Due to its increasing presence in water systems, there has been a rise in concern over how sunscreen and its active ingredients may affect aquatic life and ecosystems. The wide variety of UV filters and their chemical properties allows for many routes of research on the topic. This literature review presents an overview of UV filters and the environment by breaking down the topic into four major areas: the chemical properties of UV filters, presence of sunscreen in aquatic systems, major effects of UV light filters studied, and gaps in the research. The major effects of UV filters is further broken down into three major categories based on the general type of research conducted: toxicological effects, estrogenic effects, and coral bleaching. Studies have shown UV filters to have detrimental effects on aquatic life; however, the concentrations that cause detrimental effects are lower than the currently observed concentrations in water bodies. These results still pose a great deal of concern to already damaged aquatic ecosystems. While there is an ever-growing body of research on sunscreen UV filters, important gaps remain in the research across tested species, different UV filters, and comparison between research areas. Given the known negative effects of UV filters, efforts can and should be made to reduce the environmental impact of these chemicals.

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Johnson, Allison

Title: Glomalin Biochemistry: Implications for Agricultural Practices in Soil Carbon Management
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biochemistry & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Glomalin is a soil protein produced by AMF in hyphal walls. It has been studied intensely within the past two decades with respect to its positive effects on soil aggregation, carbon sequestration, stress regulation, and metal sequestration. Biochemical details of glomalin remain difficult to elucidate due to the protein’s complicated relationships with AMF and other soil compounds as well its own structural stability. This paper explores the current literature surrounding glomalin and major gaps in knowledge with regards to the regulation of production, glomalin’s structure, and the extraction and analysis methods used to characterize it. Regulation of glomalin has been difficult to study due to complex relationships between glomalin and other soil and environmental factors as well as obscurities in AMF-regulated mechanisms. Glomalin has been identified as an Hsp60 homologue, located primarily (80%) in hyphal walls. Though the structure of glomalin has yet to be crystallized, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) has been partially sequenced, chemical compositions in NMR spectra of GRSP show

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Johnson, Charles

Title: Garbage Monsters in Baltimore Harbor: A Study of Boom Float Marine Trash Retention for Trash Wheels
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plastic is causing massive environmental problems for the world’s oceans. Its widespread use is causing dangerous levels of pollution in marine life that the rest of the planet relies upon to survive. In Baltimore Harbor, the sustainable technology known as Trash Wheels are seeking to intercept marine litter before it enters the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean. However, through my time working there, the funneling mechanism known as “boom floatsâ€ malfunctioned in strong currents, leading to the escapage of trash. This project seeks to determine more effective forms of boom floats that will decrease the amount of drag on the units. Through using the flume tank in the basement of Alden, different configurations of model floats and skirts were put in a current with debris to determine how much material would escape from each design. With inconsistent results, we were unable to determine the most effective form but through qualitative observations, we learned valuable information about the behavior of marine debris regarding the time it takes to escape and how quickly it becomes an entangled pile. More research is needed to come up with concrete solutions for reducing drag.

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Jones Irwin, Willa

Title: Snake in the Wheat: A Benefit-Cost & Proxy Stakeholder Analysis on the future of the Ice Harbor Lower Snake River Dam
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The wild chinook salmon stocks have been declining in the Lower Snake River for decades, and in 1992 they were listed as endangered. Studies have shown this can be attributed to the four Lower Snake River dams, and the difficulty chinook salmon have navigating them upstream and downstream. A decline of 90% of their historic population has begun to reveal far reaching implications culturally, ecologically, and socially. However stakeholders disagree on what the best course of action is to recover the salmon population, without heavily disrupting the current way of life. Indigenous people, farmers, companies whose businesses rely on the dams or the Lower Snake River, and salmon are all heavily impacted by proposed dam mitigation projects. The debate surrounding the dams has increasingly gained media coverage over the past decade, following a great deal of environmental activism, political action, and judicial challenges in the region. In this study, a proxy stakeholder analysis and benefit-cost analysis were conducted on the western-most Lower Snake River dam, the Ice Harbor dam. Five different dam mitigation strategies were analyzed using a benefit-cost analysis to compare the monetary implications of each approach, as well as a proxy stakeholder analysis to ensure marginalized groups with less economic power would contribute to which strategy would have the most benefits. An aggressive non-breach approach proved to be the most costly, and breaching the Ice Harbor dam was the only strategy where the benefits outweighed the costs, and may be the only strategy that saves the salmon. More research is needed to determine the best course of action for all four of the dams, but it needs to happen sooner rather than later.

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Jordan, Jared

Title: Rise of the Interlopers: Tyrannosaur Niche Partitioning and its Implications for American Crocodylia in the Everglades
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Biology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Tyrannosaurs (superfamily Tyrannosauroidea) are known for tremendous variation from their generalized body plan as large-headed and short-armed bipedal predatory dinosaurs. In specific instances, Tyrannosaurs have shown preservation biases and adaptations in their builds implying that they partitioned prey from other contemporary Tyrannosaurs. Additionally, their biology was contingent on the geographical isolation of the landmasses on which they lived in order to prevent ecological interference from other travelling Tyrannosaurs. Recent studies have revealed the presence of invasive Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in the American Everglades; a breeding population would put them in direct competition with the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) which have evolved to behaviorally partition prey in the area. The goal of this study was to contextualize Tyrannosaurid niche partitioning and migration so as to establish whether comparisons analogous enough for conservation insight can be made between instances in their evolutionary history to the unprecedented introduction of an African crocodilian to an ecosystem regulated by two smaller, niche-partitioned American crocodilians. Results indicate that of partitioning Tyrannosaur lineages, the larger or primary lineage either relocates or undergoes extinction within a span of five million years, and C. acutus, fitting the profile of a primary lineage, has exceeded this interval by two million years at present. Of partitioning pairs, the smaller, or secondary lineage, generally has a more comparatively favorable outcome, often reaching large sizes after the localized extinction of the primary lineage. The American Alligator, a secondary lineage in this case, is more favored for survival, wherein regardless of the primary partitioner’s species (C. acutus or introduced C. niloticus) has a decent probability of maintaining its niche intact or at least using more northerly portions of its range as a refugium if extirpated. A hypothetical scenario is also proposed whereby a phenomenon documented to unnaturally enhance the sizes of C. acutus in the Everglades begins to affect introduced C. niloticus, and a new population that grows proportionally faster and longer than individuals in the native range likely outcompetes and extirpates both native species simultaneously.

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Kauchak, Emily

Title: Should Local Knowledge and Scientific Expertise Work Together? Examples from Ecuador
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As climate change continues to ravage environmental landscapes, alter existing weather patterns and impact both social and ecological systems, current solutions that emphasize mitigation and avoidance must have a greater focus on adaptation. Recently, the importance of community-level responses in conservation and sustainability have become more prevalent as collective action strategies at the local level have been proposed as one of the most appropriate and effective approaches to global climate change. This study aims to explore the ways in which successful community engagement occurs and identify various best practices within Indigenous communities in Ecuador that are approached by outside researchers. Ecuador’s Indigenous peoples have acted as stewards of the natural environment by emphasizing ancestral remediation techniques that combat the dangerous and far-reaching effects of climate change on both human and non-human life. Additionally, they have organized themselves in a united front against resource extraction in some of the most ecologically fragile and culturally diverse regions in the country. This project examines instances of community engagement that are appropriately fitted for Indigenous communities by considering current social and environmental vulnerabilities further compounded by historic marginalization and colonial legacies. By bringing both Indigenous and scientific communities together, this project provides a better understanding of the complexity inherent to community engagement and the challenges that arise from bridging Indigenous and scientific knowledge. Finally, it uncovers a need for ethical guidelines and research standards developed by Indigenous communities and scientists in collaboration for future climate-related research.

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Margraf, Jessica

Title: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Household Hazardous Waste in Meadville, PA
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Studies & Global Health Studies
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Paints, cleaners, personal care products, automotive care products, and other household products containing toxic or similarly dangerous materials fall under the category of Household Hazardous Waste (HHW). In particular, HHW includes items that are unusually reactive, highly flammable, or explosive under certain circumstances, as well as items that are corrosive or toxic in nature. Without proper awareness of the risks and disposal methods for HHW, individuals tend to store leftover items in their homes for extended periods of time, dump products down the drain, or throw products in the municipal waste – leading to environmental concerns, and potential harm to humans. A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) survey on HHW awareness and disposal practices was completed by residents in the City of Meadville, Pennsylvania. The survey was distributed online through snowball sampling to three locally-based environmental organizations who assisted with dissemination by distributing to email lists and posting the survey link to company websites and social media platforms (i.e. – Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) to obtain potentially more environmentally conscious individuals. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize and analyze data and to generate charts, graphs, and tables that were created using Microsoft Excel. Individuals involved or associated with local environmental organizations seemed to be relatively familiar with the concept of HHW, however, they still face difficulties finding information regarding where and how to dispose of some, or all HHW in the City. The survey revealed misconceptions and misunderstandings about HHW in the Meadville community, and highlighted barriers to proper disposal including limited educational and informational materials on HHW. A health and environmental education campaign was developed and proposed as a possible solution for the City to implement.

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Marszalek, Ray

Title: The Impact of Simulated Acid Rain on Soil-Dwelling Arthropod Communities
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Acid rain, primarily composed of nitrogen and sulfur oxides, lowers the pH of ecosystems, leading to the removal of important nutrients from the soil. Several studies have evaluated how increased nitrogen in forest ecosystems impact aspects such as soil nutrients and forest growth, yet very few that have studied the impacts that nitrogen has on invertebrates. Soil-dwelling invertebrates play a key role in forest ecosystems, serving as important links in the food web as well as the cycling of nutrients. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of increased levels of nitrogen on populations and communities of arthropods in and on forest soils. By comparing samples collected within control plots and plots with simulated acid rain that have been part of a long-term on-going study on nitrogen deposition, invertebrates were collected and identified. The increased nitrogen significantly affected only two of the 19 groups (P < 0.05), while month and leaf litter types had the greatest influence on the abundance and richness of the plots. Return to Top

Martin, Alexandria

Title: Does Hydrofracking Increase Forest Fragmentation: A Case Study Conducted in Cumberland Township, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This study focused on the connection between forest fragmentation and hydraulic fracturing, and more specifically, if gas well pads exacerbated forest loss in Cumberland Township, Pennsylvania between the years of 2001 and 2016. The majority of the work that was done for this project was conducted through ArcGIS Pro 2.7.0, which was used to create visual interpretations of the data as well as calculate the amount of forest fragmentation that had occurred in relation to the amount of wells present (ESRI, 2020). It was ultimately discovered that this study’s hypothesis proved to be correct; the perimeter of the forest in Cumberland Township increased as the area of the forest decreased. While some of this fragmentation is due to the construction of well pads, a significant portion of the wells in Cumberland Township have not caused forest fragmentation. The step-by-step methodology used in this study could be beneficial for others who wish to replicate aspects of this project for their own research. Additionally, in the future, researchers may build off of this study in order to, for instance, examine the consequences of well drilling on human health.

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Miller, Meghan

Title: Prognosis on Period Products: Ranking menstrual products on their Environmental and Health impacts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: For sanitary and health reasons, period products are a must for people who menstruate. With all the product choices out there, though, which are the best for the body and the environment? In order to rank the best and the worst menstrual products, a life cycle analysis was conducted as well as health assessments for four different feminine hygiene products. People deserve to know what is going into their bodies and whether or not an item is bad for the environment and/or themselves. By pulling together numerous sources on period products, I hope to create a literature review that puts to rest questions pertaining to the ecological and human health effects of Disposable Pads, Tampons, Menstrual Cups, and Reusable Pads.

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Myschisin, Jessica

Title: Growing in the Garden: A School Garden Initiative to Promote Experiential Learning at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: School gardens and garden-based learning have gained great popularity and attention in recent years. Garden-based experiential learning activities are increasingly being used in schools to improve youth attitudes toward healthy foods, to increase nutrition education, to improve mental and emotional well-being, to help develop essential life skills, to promote personal and social development, and to help develop environmental awareness and enhance academic learning. The primary purpose of this project was to develop a garden landscape design and a crop plan to aid in the establishment of a school garden at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School in Kittanning, Pennsylvania. The garden landscape design was produced, by hand, and illustrates the proposed layout plan for the school garden. This garden design was created in collaboration with Life Skills Support faculty at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School and complies with specific guidelines set forth by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The crop plan was developed using Google Sheets and mimics that of the Carr Hall Garden at Allegheny College. The following crops were selected in accordance with Life Skills Support faculty at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School and are included in the crop plan: lettuce (Latuca sativa), cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo), carrots (Daucus carota), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The completed garden landscape design and the crop plan were compiled into a school garden manual. The school garden manual was delivered to administrators and Life Skills Support faculty at Armstrong Jr./Sr. High School to prepare them for the successful implementation and sustainment of an effective school garden program.

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O’Leary, Terrance

Title: Assessment of Lake Erie Tributaries for Potential Hydropower Sites
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: One of the most pressing issues the world faces today is how society will generate energy sustainably. The United States consumed approximately 100.2 quadrillion British Thermal Units of energy in the year 2019 (U.S. Energy Facts Explained, 2020). The issue with the way energy is generated in the United States is that fossil fuels make up the majority of our energy consumption. This study focuses on finding potential small-scale hydropower locations in northwest Pennsylvania to transition the area to renewable energy sources. An analysis of all of the Lake Erie tributaries in northwest Pennsylvania monitored by the United States Geological Survey was conducted. Within google Earth I was able to find any major changes in elevation throughout the tributaries. After narrowing down to locations of interest, Trimble TerraSync Pro was used to collect the elevation data at the upper and lower limits. All water data was accessed from the USGS water data for the tributary. Based on the head and water data of each location, two potential sites located on Walnut Creek proved to have the largest potential for a small-scale hydropower site. Site #1 and site #2 were estimated to generate approximately 59.40 kW and 65.95 kW respectively over the course of a year. If both locations combined their energy generation, they would be able to account for 133 homes based on the average home in the northeast part of the United States. Even though these numbers may not be impressive, this is the first step in the direction of utilizing Lake Erie tributaries as a resource for renewable energy.

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Parulski, Anthony

Title: An Impact Analysis of the invasive Spotted Lanternfly at Erie National Wildlife Refuge
Date: Fall 2020
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a plant-hopper species of insect endemic to Southeast Asia. This species is considered a pest in northwestern Pennsylvania. It was discovered in Berks County, PA in 2014 and has since spread to neighboring counties, officially making it an invasive species. It has been known to feed on over a dozen species of trees, causing a multitude of problems that could eventually lead to the host-plant’s death. This is a relatively unknown invasive species that could spread throughout the eastern United States. This project identified high-risk forest areas in the Sugar Lake division of Erie National Wildlife Refuge, and highlights/expands upon any effective prevention methods that would be pertinent if the species were to arrive in the area. This includes the removal of any host trees in a newly invaded zone, or the use of two species of fungus known to eradicate SLF populations. Floral species composition fieldwork was conducted at all potential host sites in the aforementioned section of Erie National Wildlife Refuge using a method that estimates the relative floral composition of different areas of the refuge. This study found that certain areas of the refuge are inherently at higher risk compared to others based on susceptibility ratios. These ratios were calculated by comparing the number of high-risk trees to the number of lower-risk trees, with an average value of .6913. Research shows that areas with larger bodies of water (mainly ones that house waterfowl/migratory bird nesting areas) should be of high concern, considering how these bodies of water overlap/interact in areas that have higher potential to be impacted by a spotted lanternfly infestation. This is extremely important because the introduction of an invasive species in any given ecosystem will have extremely adverse effects, and heavily forested areas such as ENWR could be subject to extreme tree damage if the spotted lanternfly were to invade an area where an effective management plan is not preemptively in place.

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Petitta, Isabella

Title: Wild Bee Species Diversity Supported in Conventional Soybean Fields Located in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Conventional agriculture and crop intensification can be detrimental to wild bee populations due to synthetic pesticide use and habitat destruction; however, there is a lack of research that identifies wild bee abundance, richness, and diversity in conventional, no-till agricultural fields. This study investigated the abundance, richness, and diversity of wild bees in conventional, no-till soybean fields in Meadville, PA. Wild bee populations were sampled in 2017 during soybean bloom using white and yellow bowl traps. Bees were identified to species, and abundance, richness, and diversity were compared across sampling dates and areas within each field. Over a four-week blooming period, 1,091 wild bees were collected. Among the bees collected, fourteen genera and over sixty species were identified. Halictidae was the most commonly collected family; Lasioglossum leucozonium, Lasioglossum zephyrus, Lasioglossum zonulum were the most abundant species collected. The greatest number of bees was collected during full soybean bloom. During all sampling periods, a greater number of bees were collected at field edge zones compared to interior field zones. Identified bee abundance and species richness indicates that no-till methods may promote ground-nesting, solitary bees in soybean fields.

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Pittman, Jaelise

Title: How Can I Make a Microplastics Lesson Plan for Freshwater Academy?
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Microplastic debris is widely distributed in many freshwater waterways and systems. While there isn’t much research done based on the impacts microplastics have on human health, many plastics carry chemical pollutants and directly affect freshwater ecosystems. By researching the two teaching approaches Project-Based Learning (PBL) and Meaningful Watershed Education Experiences (MWEE), a lesson plan will be made for Creek Connections’ Freshwater Academy at Allegheny College to educate on this issue. Students being taught with the MWEE approach reported an increase in students’ environmental stewardship characteristics, the intention to act and interact in complex ways. Moreover, an increase in environmentally responsible behaviors was reported. It should be noted that these increases were a result of the combination of both the MWEE essential elements and MWEE supporting practices. For the students who were taught using the PBL approach, they reported that PBL helped increase and sustain knowledge for science subjects. This was observed through real-world problem solving based on information gained during experimentation. Also, students reported learning easier with the PBL approach due to being able to learn the main course material from completing the projects. A lesson plan for Creek Connections’ Freshwater Academy at Allegheny College was put together as a result of researching the two teaching approaches and microplastic pollution. By taking the effective approaches used in the past lessons a new lesson plan was created and evaluated for the Freshwater Academy.

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Reid-Harris, Jasmine

Title: Green Black Wall Street: The Importance of a Space Dedicated to Black Environmentalism
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The hunt to find Black Owned Green Businesses is exactly that, a hunt. Having to do extensive research to find something as simple as a Black-Owned vegan restaurant can be extremely discouraging and sway consumers who are not aware of Black Owned Green Businesses away from pursuing them. This project will investigate some neuromarketing techniques of placement, location, as well as design in an online environment as it relates to the customer’s perception of overall convenience. I then highlight the importance of a space dedicated to Black Environmentalism for not only the Black community but also the overall success of Black Green Businesses. Through reviewing published literature from, 2016-now, on convenience in relation to consumer behavior I have found that consumers relate positive online and in person experiences to how convenient said experience was. I further proved this by reviewing existing businesses Airbnb and Ubereats as well as the design of shopping malls/centers and highlighted the success in revenue generated of these business models. Throughout my project, I call this a “centralized business modelâ€ where consumers have access to a variety of businesses, products, or services in one convenient location. From historic examples to current business models and literature that correlates customer satisfaction to convenience, I have concluded that providing a space, preferably online, dedicated to Black-Owned Green Businesses will improve the overall success and exposure of these businesses.

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Savino, Max

Title: The effect of water velocity on water chemistry and trout in Pennsylvania spillways
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission stock millions of dollars’ worth of trout into Pennsylvanian trout streams each year and trout fishing adds millions of dollars to the Pennsylvanian economy in just the 1st two weeks of trout season (Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. 2019). The health of the stocked trout is important to the continuation of this fishery. Because of this, the study of trout habitats and the stocking sites are important for the determination of where to stock and when. My study site is Woodcock Creek in Crawford County PA. The stocked area of Woodcock Creek is downstream of Woodcock Dam, the rate of flow of which is controlled by the spillway. My study is looking at how the rate of flow coming out of the dam influences water quality variables that are important for trout health. The objective of my study is to analyze the water quality variables of the downstream section and compare them to each other and to water velocity. Water velocity had little impact on water quality, with the only significant correlation being the relationship between water velocity and temperature. The two test sites water quality was different in one way, that being their respective velocities.

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Schmidt, Sarah

Title: Student experiences in the Business and Economics Department: Implications for gender disparity
Date: Fall 2021
Major(s): Economics & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: At the undergraduate level, student experiences play an important role in determining entrance and persistence across fields, including economics. Gendered differences in student experiences and reasons for choosing business and economics majors can be used to understand the dynamics that lead to the gender disparities. Previous research has shown that barriers are present on both the supply and demand side that prevent women from pursuing an economic course of study. On the supply side, math intensity, lack of knowledge, and lack of role models can all be preventative barriers to entry for female students. On the demand side, biased attitudes and microaggressions can limit opportunities for female students to excel in the field. I use data gathered through focus groups of Allegheny College business and economics students to perform a qualitative analysis of student experiences in search of gender differences that could explain the disparity in the department. Additional data is gathered using a Survey of Economic Attitudes to test for gender differences in attitudes towards economics as a field of study and certain economics concepts, with particular attention paid to environmental attitudes. The results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis show that male and female students do indeed have different experiences in the business and economics majors. In addition, there are supply side barriers present among female students at Allegheny College. The Survey of Economic Attitudes showed that female students do tend to have a more negative view of economics as a field, although not significantly. Women do have significantly more socially-conscious attitudes while male students have opinions aligned more with neoclassical, neoliberal economic teachings.

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Scowden, MaryEllen

Title: Rabbits as a Sustainable Meat Source in the U.S.
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Meat production has many impacts on the environment. A growing population is leading to an increase in meat consumption. As countries develop, they consume more meat. There is an increasing demand for a more environmentally friendly meat option. Rabbits can be raised in small cages, and can produce a lot of meat efficiently. They are also a healthier option because their meat contains less fat and sodium. Rabbit meat also contains more nutrients such as calcium and phosphorus than beef, pork and chicken. This study looks at gestation, space needed for production, feed conversion ratios, electricity usage, water usage and manure usage of beef cattle, pig, chicken and rabbit production. This research uses a literature review to compare the different aspects of production. The literature review found that chickens were the best source of meat with the parameters that were looked at in the study. Rabbits can be raised in small or large scale which could lead to more sustainable practices. The stigma around rabbit meat is a large factor when considering them as a sustainable meat source. The lack in research done on rabbit meat production was a limitation of the study. Future research is needed on rabbits to conduct a complete environmental impact analysis.

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Smith, Eli

Title: Are Brown Rats a More Eco-Friendly Alternative to Chickens in Cat Food?
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Recent studies have taken an interest in the ecological footprints of companion animals such as cats and dogs, trying to figure out what impact they have on global greenhouse emissions. Understanding their environmental impact often utilizes food consumption as a primary indicator for greenhouse emissions. However, these studies analyze traditional meat sources that share similar pathways with the food that humans consume. There is little speculative data on the potential for utilizing meat that might be considered unfit for many western cultures to eat, but perfectly viable for a dog or cat. This study aims to identify an alternative source of meat for canned cat food that diverges from traditional meats such as pork, beef, lamb, or in this case: chicken. At its heart, this study wants to know: Are rodents a more eco-friendly pet food than chickens? To start addressing this question, this study examined the food and water intake of a Cornish Cross chicken and Sprague-Dawley brown rat compared to the amount of cat food that could be made out of them. The results show that the chicken is able to consume less food and water per can of cat food that it can make. These results likely come down to the years of research and progress on chicken development and optimization, as well as biological differences between the chicken and rat. This study highlights just one potential alternative meat source for pet foods, while calling for an assessment of other foods that may go uneaten by a human, but not by a cat. Could capybaras, guinea pigs, mice, rabbits, or even crickets be used instead of animals that Americans eat? Research opportunities in these areas are ample and necessary as we take our pets with us into the future.

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Spotts, Steven

Title: The Economic Effects of Zebra Mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on Businesses in the City of Erie, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) are an invasive species of freshwater mussel that are known to inhabit Lake Erie. Dating back to their first sighting within the lake in the 1980s, fish populations, native clam species, and local business have been impacted. Within the last forty years, these mussels have cost residents, boat owners, and local business a considerable amount of money in damages such as boat repair and decline of certain fish species. Repairs range from hatcheries having to raise more fish to keep up with population decline and locals having to repair personal or commercial boats due to zebra mussels ruining motors and the hull. The goal of this study is to analyze the impact zebra mussels have on local business in the city of Erie, Pennsylvania, by assessing how much money is spent annually on correcting these issues. A short survey was conducted with local stakeholders including marinas and boat repair shops. A total of 2 boat marinas and 1 boat repair shop responded to electronic survey. Results were compiled from the 3 sources and it was determined that the presence of zebra mussels is not affecting local business the same today as they were back in the 1980s and 1990s.

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Storer, Nicoleena Storer

Title: Where to Dig for Digger Crayfish: A Habitat Suitability Analysis in the Northwestern Glaciated Plateau Region of Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Digger Crayfish, Creaserinus fodiens, was discovered in Pennsylvania in 2014, bringing into question the extent of the population in Pennsylvania, given that it was not previously believed to exist there. To aid in the surveying for this species a suitability map of the Pennsylvania region of Northwestern Glaciated Plateau (NWGP) was created using GIS techniques. A multicriteria evaluation was done using a weighted linear combination to take into account six variables deemed important for Digger Crayfish habitat. The fifteen largest, highly-scored sites were further analyzed, taking into account roadways and verification of land cover through aerial photography. The top five most suitable sites were selected and the roadways of each were ranked by how suitable the surrounding land cover was for Digger Crayfish. Four of those five sites are located in Crawford County, the remaining site was located in Erie County. French Creek Watershed contained four of the sites, Oil Creek Watershed contained the other top site. Being that the Digger Crayfish is a primary burrowing crayfish, the surveying process is time consuming and the use of a suitability map increases the efficiency of searches. The knowledge on Digger Crayfish locations facilitates an increase in ecological observation of this species for a deeper understanding of its ecological relationships in the NWGP. A more comprehensive evaluation of the Digger Crayfish population can further aid in determining if a conservation plan needs to be implemented for the Digger Crayfish population in Pennsylvania.

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Sullivan, Jeremiah

Title: Valuation of Superfund Site Using a Hedonic Pricing Model
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: In response to growing public knowledge about the health risks posed by hazardous waste, the United States Congress responded with the establishment of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). This act, informally called Superfund, provides funding and authority to the EPA regarding the cleanup of applicable sites. While the exact health risk posed by a Superfund site depends on the nature of the site, those living in close proximity to the sites have worse health outcomes in regard to certain ailments. These risks were expected to be reflected in sale prices of homes in close proximity. Using Hedonic Pricing Models, the effect of proximity was predicted. Significant evidence was found that with 3200 meters of the specified Superfund Sites an additional 1 meter away from the site resulted in a $11.38 increase in price over an otherwise identical house.

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Thompson, Sophie

Title: Sterile: The Pros and Cons of Surfactants
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Art: Art and Technology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: We use these products everyday to feel safe. They are a staple of the home, and of a healthier lifestyle. Just add water and watch as potentially harmful bacteria are banished down the drain. Now more than ever during the COVID-19 pandemic the use of surfactants in consumer goods is integral to daily life. But what happens once they serve their purpose in our home? In the United States, surfactants when rinsed down the drain become a component of wastewater effluent flowing through a web of sewage infrastructure to be treated. Going untreated, surfactants pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems, specifically the respiratory and reproductive abilities of freshwater fish. In this project, soaps and detergents are a conduit for the audience to think critically about the man-made and maintained structures we depend on. Implicating soaps and detergents as a part of a larger waste effluent pollution problem in our waters. To facilitate that discussion, I am engaging my audience with Sterile, an interactive multimedia installation with video and audio components. By connecting the self to a larger whole, Sterile compels the viewer to reclaim an active role in this cyclical process.

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Trombola, Daniel

Title: An Exploration into a Compost Heat Exchange System at Allegheny College
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This project chronicles the creation of a compost heat exchange system to heat a chicken coop in the Carr Hall Garden (“Carrdenâ€) at Allegheny College. The project utilized a collection of past compost heat capture methods, interviews with thermal energy experts and the needs of Carrden staff. These methods resulted in a system design for implementation of the heat exchange system into the Carrden. The system design utilizes the hydronic method and contains unique features such as vertical aeration pipes, a solar powered pump, and a car radiator which acts as a heat distribution method to heat a chicken coop during winter months. This selected design has the potential to increase egg laying potential of chickens below 50 degrees and could reduce chicken illnesses when temperatures are below freezing.

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Van Meter, John

Title: Energy Development in the Four Corners: A Prospective Study of Diné Coal Workers Perspective on the Coal Industry
Date: Fall 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: In the last decade, the United States has seen a wide-spread decommissioning of coal-fired power plants across the country and in turn communities that rely on the production and consumption of coal are being forced to respond. The Navajo Nation, located in the Four Corners region of the US, is a specific region that has a long history working with extractive industries and being an energy powerhouse in the southwest. With this change through the last decade, the Navajo Transitional Energy Company (NTEC) was created as an attempt to save Diné (Navajo) jobs and diversify their energy sources to build a sustainable future. As a result, NTEC has been able to acquire ownership or larger stakes at mines and coal-fired power plants across the Navajo Nation. In 2019, NTEC went beyond coal production solely on the Navajo Nation when the company acquired three mines in the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming and Montana. This purchase came as a surprise to the majority of Diné and the tribal government and has faced criticism for continuing to invest in an environmentally destructive industry in decline. Researchers have studied Diné opinions on the coal industry shaped by traditional morals and values to recommend an alternative pathway to energy production. This thesis proposes a project to further investigate the opinions of those working in the coal industry to determine the impact traditional morals and values have on shaping their opinions as opposed to livelihood. Utilizing climate opinion data from the region, I hypothesize that the opinions of those working within the coal industry heavily shape their opinions around their livelihood as opposed to traditional morals and values.

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VanDee, Rhiannon VanDee

Title: Fibers in Context: Cotton’s History and Environmental Impacts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Art: Art and Technology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This paper and the accompanying quilt are the culmination of research and artistic practice regarding the cultural and environmental impacts of cotton’s cultivation on a national and global scale. The initial process consisted of collecting resources and parsing through the highlights to choose which fragments of the overall story would be rendered as images in quilt block form. From there, research was refined, and quilt blocks were finalized. This entire process illuminated how cotton cultivation can be improved, the improvements already being made, and how the pressures of agriculture have moved from one marginalized group to another. Additionally, the research highlighted how culturally rich the story of cotton is, as compared to other academic sources on the matter. Cotton is tightly interwoven in the story of American history and continuing to work to improve cultivation and processing will help the new work move forward.

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Wise, Katherine

Title: No Cap: The Unseen Magic of Mushrooms
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The contamination of water and soils with organic and inorganic pollutants poses a significant threat to the health of humans, wildlife, and ecosystems as a whole. Since the chemical structure of most organic pollutants is similar to that of the primary components of plant fiber, they can be degraded and even mineralized by wood-eating fungi (Erjavec et al., 2012; Hultberg & Bodin, 2018; Johnston, 2010; Li et al., 2010; Mushrooms; 1995; Rhodes, 2014; Stamets; 2005). Fungi can also limit the bioavailability of heavy metals as well as stabilize them, reducing their toxicity to the surrounding environment (Kulshreshtha, 2019; Rhodes, 2014; Yu et al., 2019). While the field of mycoremediation, which deals with the incredible potential of fungi to help remediate polluted ecosystems, has recently garnered substantial attention in the scientific community, among the general public it remains largely unseen. The goal of this project was, using virtual education, to inform high school students on the field of mycoremediation. I did this by creating a virtual lesson consisting of three narrated PowerPoint lectures and an activity guide, which were informed by literature reviews on the fields of bioremediation, mycoremediation, environmental education, high school education, and virtual education. My lesson (links on p. 11) was submitted to the Regional Science Consortium in Erie, PA, and then made available to local schools. By establishing environmental sensitivity and an understanding of environmental problems and their solutions, I hope my lesson will effectively promote pro-environmental behavior in students.

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Wolter, Isabelle

Title: Hunters Sharing the Harvest Impact on Northwestern Pennsylvania Counties
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Industrial meat production industry creates an immense amount of environmental side effects such as polluting our bodies of water and air, reducing our drinkable fresh water supply, and ultimately is an unsustainable industry. Scientific research has found that hunting game venison is an eco-friendly alternative source of meat that improves the health of ecosystems, by reducing the density of ungulates in the system. However, because of lack of access to hunting for much of the population, this potential alternative to industrial meat is not possible. Thus, some organizations, such as Hunters Sharing the Harvest (HSH) exist to connect wild game to low-income communities. In Northwestern PA, HSH operates, however it is unknown what impact HSH faces in regards to providing the community with an alternative to industrial meat. The entirety of this project will focus on the relationship the HSH organization has with the local hunters, meat processors, food banks, and community members. Volunteer Coordinators of Hunters Sharing the Harvest will be interviewed under a semi-structured interview process followed by a survey. The role of HSH in NW Pennsylvania will help determine how much of an impact they have or could have on promoting deer donations and hunting which would ultimately help reduce the damage deer impose on the local ecosystems, and help with food insecurity with healthy red meat alternatives from the usual mass produced beef.

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vironmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: In the last decade, the United States has seen a wide-spread decommissioning of coal-fired power plants across the country and in turn communities that rely on the production and consumption of coal are being forced to respond. The Navajo Nation, located in the Four Corners region of the US, is a specific region that has a long history working with extractive industries and being an energy powerhouse in the southwest. With this change through the last decade, the Navajo Transitional Energy Company (NTEC) was created as an attempt to save Diné (Navajo) jobs and diversify their energy sources to build a sustainable future. As a result, NTEC has been able to acquire ownership or larger stakes at mines and coal-fired power plants across the Navajo Nation. In 2019, NTEC went beyond coal production solely on the Navajo Nation when the company acquired three mines in the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming and Montana. This purchase came as a surprise to the majority of Diné and the tribal government and has faced criticism for continuing to invest in an environmentally destructive industry in decline. Researchers have studied Diné opinions on the coal industry shaped by traditional morals and values to recommend an alternative pathway to energy production. This thesis proposes a project to further investigate the opinions of those working in the coal industry to determine the impact traditional morals and values have on shaping their opinions as opposed to livelihood. Utilizing climate opinion data from the region, I hypothesize that the opinions of those working within the coal industry heavily shape their opinions around their livelihood as opposed to traditional morals and values.

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VanDee, Rhiannon VanDee

Title: Fibers in Context: Cotton’s History and Environmental Impacts
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Art: Art and Technology & Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This paper and the accompanying quilt are the culmination of research and artistic practice regarding the cultural and environmental impacts of cotton’s cultivation on a national and global scale. The initial process consisted of collecting resources and parsing through the highlights to choose which fragments of the overall story would be rendered as images in quilt block form. From there, research was refined, and quilt blocks were finalized. This entire process illuminated how cotton cultivation can be improved, the improvements already being made, and how the pressures of agriculture have moved from one marginalized group to another. Additionally, the research highlighted how culturally rich the story of cotton is, as compared to other academic sources on the matter. Cotton is tightly interwoven in the story of American history and continuing to work to improve cultivation and processing will help the new work move forward.

Return to Top

Wise, Katherine

Title: No Cap: The Unseen Magic of Mushrooms
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The contamination of water and soils with organic and inorganic pollutants poses a significant threat to the health of humans, wildlife, and ecosystems as a whole. Since the chemical structure of most organic pollutants is similar to that of the primary components of plant fiber, they can be degraded and even mineralized by wood-eating fungi (Erjavec et al., 2012; Hultberg & Bodin, 2018; Johnston, 2010; Li et al., 2010; Mushrooms; 1995; Rhodes, 2014; Stamets; 2005). Fungi can also limit the bioavailability of heavy metals as well as stabilize them, reducing their toxicity to the surrounding environment (Kulshreshtha, 2019; Rhodes, 2014; Yu et al., 2019). While the field of mycoremediation, which deals with the incredible potential of fungi to help remediate polluted ecosystems, has recently garnered substantial attention in the scientific community, among the general public it remains largely unseen. The goal of this project was, using virtual education, to inform high school students on the field of mycoremediation. I did this by creating a virtual lesson consisting of three narrated PowerPoint lectures and an activity guide, which were informed by literature reviews on the fields of bioremediation, mycoremediation, environmental education, high school education, and virtual education. My lesson (links on p. 11) was submitted to the Regional Science Consortium in Erie, PA, and then made available to local schools. By establishing environmental sensitivity and an understanding of environmental problems and their solutions, I hope my lesson will effectively promote pro-environmental behavior in students.

Return to Top

Wolter, Isabelle

Title: Hunters Sharing the Harvest Impact on Northwestern Pennsylvania Counties
Date: Spring 2021
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Industrial meat production industry creates an immense amount of environmental side effects such as polluting our bodies of water and air, reducing our drinkable fresh water supply, and ultimately is an unsustainable industry. Scientific research has found that hunting game venison is an eco-friendly alternative source of meat that improves the health of ecosystems, by reducing the density of ungulates in the system. However, because of lack of access to hunting for much of the population, this potential alternative to industrial meat is not possible. Thus, some organizations, such as Hunters Sharing the Harvest (HSH) exist to connect wild game to low-income communities. In Northwestern PA, HSH operates, however it is unknown what impact HSH faces in regards to providing the community with an alternative to industrial meat. The entirety of this project will focus on the relationship the HSH organization has with the local hunters, meat processors, food banks, and community members. Volunteer Coordinators of Hunters Sharing the Harvest will be interviewed under a semi-structured interview process followed by a survey. The role of HSH in NW Pennsylvania will help determine how much of an impact they have or could have on promoting deer donations and hunting which would ultimately help reduce the damage deer impose on the local ecosystems, and help with food insecurity with healthy red meat alternatives from the usual mass produced beef.

Return to Top