Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: E. Buday
The Effects of Student and/or Client Death on Staff Emotional and Behavioral Grief
This study examined the effects of student and/or client death on staff emotional and behavioral grief. All participants were employees of an organization that educates and cares for individuals with mental and physical disabilities. Participants were staff from the learning center and adult day programs. There were 75 participants total, 11 of whom were men. The studied examined the effects sex, job role (direct care, support staff, administrative), and number of deaths experienced had on emotional and behavioral grief. All men scored higher in behavioral grief than in emotional grief. This was not the case for all women. Women scored higher overall than men in both emotional and behavioral grief. The number of deaths experienced was found to be statistically significant for job role, with administrators experiencing more deaths than direct care staff. Several recommendations were made based on this data including the training of grief officers, compiling grief packets, and organizing memorial services.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: E. Ozorak
What a Tangled Web We Weave: An Examination of Deception on the Internet and Self-Esteem
This study examined the relationship between using deception in computer mediated communication (CMC) and self-esteem. Ninety-one undergraduate students served as participants in this study. They were asked to complete a questionnaire which asked about background information and Internet chatting habits, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. It was predicted that those participants who used more deception online would have lower self-esteem scores. This hypothesis was confirmed by the results, which showed a significant correlation between the two variables. There were no significant differences found in the types of lies told on the Internet by each sex. There were also no sex differences found in deception scores. The implications of these results, as well as prospects for future studies, are discussed.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: R. Clark
Discriminative Stimulus Properties Of A Binary Combination Of Caffeine And (-)Ephedrine And Generalization From Psychomotor Stimulants.
The discriminative stimulus properties of a binary combination of 6.0 mg/kg caffeine + 4.0 mg/kg (-)ephedrine were investigated because of their possible synergistic effect in discrimination studies. Six adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate one of two controlled stimulants; either 3.2 mg/kg cocaine or 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine from saline solution (0.09%). Subjects were first trained to maintain 80%-accuracy of response to the drug-appropriate lever for a majority of consecutive sessions. Four subjects met this criterion, two from each drug group. Cocaine group demonstrated 51.30%-accuracy of response to drug-appropriate lever and over all decrease in mean response/minute between saline and drug sessions. d-Amphetamine group demonstrated 77.90%-accuracy of response to the drug-appropriate lever and only slightly decreased mean response/minute between saline and drug sessions. Two subjects from each group received the second drug condition, a binary combination of caffeine (6.0 mg/kg) and (-)ephedrine (4.0 mg/kg). Obtained statistic for cocaine [t(1) = +.800, p
Major: Psychology and Philosophy
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Anderson
Greed: A Philosophical and Psychological Case Study of Inmates
Greed is a concept of life that has not been extensively studied by psychology or other social science fields. Although we claim that in the 21st century societal values reflect greed in many ways, we know little about greed or any psychological explanations of it. The ultimate aim of this research was to clarify some important aspects of greed and find a connection between the internalizations and manifestations of greed in a subgroup of society by developing an empirical measure and analytic framework from theoretical research. The qualitative interviews researched what objects in life were criminals greedy about, along with what behaviors or actions, thoughts, and feelings were associated with greed. Philosophical theories explore greed-related sentiments very explicitly. Previous psychological research of greed has been done through the psychoanalytic tradition. Human desires and their true meanings are investigated. Both fields examine greed and its impressions on areas of human life and society as well as the origins of this concept. The results of this research revealed that objects, behaviors/actions, and thoughts of greed each had two separate subgroups. These included materialistic and idealistic objects, non-moralistic and moralistic behaviors/actions, and thoughts showed two separate groups (concentration on an object and its attainment and the other group was concentrating on the disregard of others). Some feelings that were reported include fun, entitlement, excitement, frustration, stress relief, and powerful. Overall the empirical exploration corresponded with what theories explained and this has strong implications for psychology, philosophy, and future research.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: J. Searle-White
The Relationship Between Gender and Persuasion in an Evangelical Christian Context
This paper explores the role of interpersonal relationships on attitude and persuasion in a religious context. Specifically, the current study aims to determine whether there are differences in the ways that men and women are persuaded to become Christ followers based on previous interactions with evangelical Christians (testimony, apologist, inviter, and/or example). Participants were 83 young adults (male = 40, female = 43) from the Gathering ministry in northwest Pennsylvania. The test measures were subjected to a two-way chi-squared and results indicated that there is no significant difference (p < 0.05) between men and women in the way that they rank previous influential relationships with evangelical Christians (p = 0.442). While no relationship exists between gender and type of influential relationship with evangelical Christians and all of the types of relationships showed to be significant, both men and women expressed that examples were influential significantly more often than the other types of relationships.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: E. Ozorak
A Feminist Analysis Of Sex Roles: Sex-Role Orientation, Major Choice, Occupational Plans, Self-Efficacy, And Openness To Experience
The purpose of this study was to provide a current, comprehensive analysis of sex roles, major choice, and occupational choice. Data was analyzed in order to determine the relationship between sex-role type and traditionality of major choice and occupational plans. Self-efficacy and openness to experience were examined as possible intermediary factors that may be related to sex-role characteristics, masculinity, and femininity. All variables were then analyzed by gender. Results revealed that there was no overall relationship between sex-role orientation and major choice or occupational plans. However, self-efficacy was positively correlated to masculinity and openness to experience was positively correlated to femininity. Women were found to have a higher openness to experience and were more likely than men to indicate nontraditional occupational plans.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: R. Clark
A comparison of the results of Functional Analyses conducted in both the Natural and the Experimental Environment for a child with PDD-NOS
Because Functional Analyses are usually conducted in an Experimental Environment it is difficult to know if the functions determined in that setting are actually the functions of the targeted behavior in the Natural Environment (Holden, 2002). Some studies have found that Functional Analyses conducted in more natural settings (e.g. residential facility, schools) can also provide researchers with clear functions of behavior (Asmus, Vollmer, Borrero, 2002; Bailey, McComas, Benavides, Lovascz, 2002). A brief Functional Analysis was developed for the tantrum behavior of an 8-year-old girl. To focus on the similarities or differences between the functions found from both types of environments, Functional Analysis was conducted in a diagnostic room and then re-implemented in a natural classroom environment. The behavior was examined under four conditions-social-positive reinforcement (attention), social-negative reinforcement (escape), alone and the play (control) condition-to determine the controlling function. The analyses found play to be the controlling function in both environments and the levels of the behavior exhibited in the other conditions were not significantly different across conditions.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: W. DeLamarter
Leventhal’s Procedural Justice Model Revisited: How Does Representativeness and Outcome Affect People’s Fairness Judgment?
The present study examined the effects of representativeness and outcome on the judgment of procedural fairness. Numerous studies have explored the fair process effect on two major theoretical axes: instrumental and relational (e.g., Thibaut & Walker, 1975; Tyler, 1989). On the one hand, Thibaut and Walker (1975) argued that people’s concern for procedural justice is rooted in their need for outcome control. On the other hand, Tyler (1989) focused on status as reflected in procedural justice. This study examined both approaches. Specifically, it examined the effect of representativeness, identified by Leventhal (1980) as one of the determinants for procedural justice. Using a 3 X 2 factorial design, participants’ perception of fairness was assessed through fictitious scenarios that created three representativeness conditions: a) no representativeness, b) indirect representativeness, and c) direct representativeness, as well as two outcome conditions: self-interest and group interest. It was hypothesized that participants in the representative conditions would perceive more fairness than those in the non-representative condition regardless of the outcome. Moreover, participants would discern more fairness when the outcome reflected self-interest than community interest. The overall results supported the hypotheses. The main effects for both representativeness and outcome suggested that people’s concern for justice could be both instrumental and relational.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: R. Clark
Stereo selective Behavioral Effects of NMDA and NMLA in the Rat: Assessment Under an IRT>t Schedule of Water Presentation
The present study was designed to assess the effects of the stereo isomers of NMDA and NMLA on schedule-controlled responding. Behavior was maintained under an IRT>5″ schedule of water presentation. Of primary concern was the response rate and the temporal organization of responding. Rats were given sequential doses of NMDA, NMLA, Ketamine, and MK-801. Doses were counterbalanced and administered in a non-sequential order that varied across subjects. Injections of the NMDA antagonists Ketamine and MK-801, when administered alone, yielded considerable dose-related decreases in response rate while NMDA and NMLA did not substantially alter the response rates relative to saline controls. The temporal distribution of responses were, however, moved toward the end of the interval. Antagonists administered concomitantly with doses of NMDA produced an increase in premature responding. The antagonists administered with NMLA did not produce any alterations in the rate or temporal distribution of responses. These data are consistent with previous research indicating that NMLA was to a large extent inactive while NMDA had considerable effects on behavior.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: R. Clark
Various Effects of Differential Housing and Stress on Discrimination Behavior in Rats
Do animals, who have had no stimulation in life, respond to stressful events in the same way as animals who live in enriched environments? Specifically, does the occurrence of an extremely stressful event retard an animal’s ability to ever learn in that environment? The current study was designed to address these questions that have remained unanswered. In the present study, 21 naïve albino rats, of both sexes, were housed in either an enriched or impoverished environment. Animals in the enriched environments were housed in large cages with a number of additional stimuli including running wheels, balls, ceramic pot, tunnels, and bells. Enriched environment animals also had access to social contact with other same-sexed rats. Animals in the impoverished environments were housed individually in small standard housing containers with no additional stimuli. After a 30-day habituation period to their respective environments, all rats experienced a stress condition of inescapable foot shock until they displayed passive avoidance for a five-minute period. The learning ability of each animal was then tested through the shaping of lever pressing, and performance ability was measured through a discrimination task. The results indicate that animals from the enriched environment learned faster and demonstrated more stimulus control than animals from an impoverished environment. However, the results are optimistic in that animals from both environments were still able to learn, even though rates differed, regardless of the extreme stress they experienced.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Anderson
The Effects Tattooing and Body Piercings Have on Self-Esteem, Body Image, and High-Risk Behaviors of College Students
Eighty-three undergraduate students at a small northwestern Pennsylvania college were asked to participate in a study examining the effects of tattoos and body piercings on self-esteem, body image, and high-risk behaviors. The participants completed four questionnaires, which were later analyzed. One significant finding of the study was that those participants who were tattooed were linked with more high-risk behaviors than any of the other participants. There were no significant findings linking tattoos and/or body piercings with lower self-esteem and a lower perceived body image. There was also no significance between the number of piercings and/or tattoos and self-esteem, body image, and high-risk behaviors. There were no significant differences in relation to number of body modifications between those participants who had completed their first year of college with those who had only just begun their first year.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Dickey
Effects of Familial Factors on Self-disclosure of College Students
The primary aim of this study was to compare the willingness of male (n = 50 and female (n = 142) to self-disclose information to their mothers and fathers and the levels of family cohesion and adaptability. Results, based on a sample of college students, indicated that mother and father self-disclosure was significantly related to familial factors. Further analysis explained family type, gender, marital status, living arrangements, and year in college differences in self-disclosure. Avoiding extensive disclosure of personal information to parents may be a function of family cohesion and adaptability.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Anderson
Trait Anxiety, Competitiveness, & Academic Achievement: A Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Trait Anxiety, Personal Level of Competition, and Academic Achievement at a Division III College
The present study examined the relationship between level of trait anxiety, competitiveness, and academic achievement. Past research indicated a direct negative relationship between the level of trait anxiety and competitiveness. Utilizing the Mehrabian Trait Anxiety Test and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to measure trait anxiety, the Sports Competition Anxiety Test to measure competition anxiety, the Competitiveness Index to measure competitiveness, and self-reported GPA to measure academic achievement, the relationship between trait anxiety, competitiveness, and academic achievement was analyzed. Through correlation and regression analysis, a sample consisting of 146 (52 male, 94 female) undergraduates revealed an indirect relationship between trait anxiety and competitiveness. Regression analysis revealed that as trait anxiety increases competition anxiety increases proportionally by .22 (p < .05), and as competition anxiety increases level of competitiveness decreases .29 (p < .05). No relationship between the level of competitiveness and academic achievement was found to exist; this is suspected to be a consequence of the data collection methods regarding academic achievement.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Anderson
Discovering the Emotionally Intelligent Leader: An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Emergence
The purpose of the current study was to support emotional intelligence research and emphasize its importance in the organizational world through an examination of the relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership. Participants were tested in same-sex groups of four and asked to complete questionnaires for emotional intelligence, self- and peer leadership ratings, and gender. Testing sessions were videotaped and later observed to rate leadership behaviors. Results showed no significant correlations between total emotional intelligence and overall leadership, but a few significant correlations were found between specific dimensions of each construct and within measures for emotional intelligence and leadership. Limitations of the study were a potential overlap in task and social-emotional leadership behaviors and the use of measures that rely substantially upon perception. Finally, the current study encourages further research that will work toward an accepted conceptualization and standardized measures of emotional intelligence, and will offer better support of the concept and its significance within organizations and other applied areas.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: J. Searle-White
Existential Psychology or Transpersonal Psychology: A New Approach to the Treatment of Depression
The theoretical ability of existential or transpersonal psychology as a viable treatment for depression was investigated. Existential psychology originated from existential philosophy which focuses on the freedom every person has to make his or her own choices and the meaning that results from each choice. Transpersonal psychology was developed directly as a branch of psychology and relies on spirituality as the way in which a person finds meaning in life. Depression is a growing problem among Americans today despite the current treatment options available. Based on information from academic journal articles and books research indicated that existential therapy would be a feasible alternative to current treatments for depression.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: E. Ozorak
Shyness, Academic Achievement, and Cognitive Performance
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between shyness, academic achievement, and cognitive performance. It was hypothesized that shy individuals would perform more poorly than non-shy individuals in the academic arena and on cognitive tasks due to a particular form of distracting metacognition present only in the shy population. The effect of situationally induced self-consciousness was also examined by way of a mirror present during one of the testing conditions. It was hypothesized that the inducement of self-consciousness would cause shy individuals to perform more poorly than shy individuals in the control condition. Participants included 129 Allegheny College students. Measurements administered consisted of a demographic questionnaire, the Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale, and six brain teaser puzzles. No significant relationships were found between shyness and academic achievement or cognitive performance. There were also no differences found between the control and self-consciousness conditions. Because none of the results were statistically significant, the hypotheses cannot be ruled out and therefore, warrant further research.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Dickey
School Competency as a Function of Negative Parent-Child Relations and Parental Loss
This study examined the effects of negative parent-child relations and parental loss on child and adolescent school competency. Twenty-one individual parents with at least one biological, adoptive, or foster child between the ages of 6 and 18 participated. Each participant completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to provide a measure of their child’s school competency. All children were ‘at-risk’ for harm from experiencing negative parent-child relations. There were two child family groups, no-loss structured or loss structured defined as parental loss through death, divorce, or out-of-home placement. At-risk children’s school competency scores were significantly lower than normative data on no-risk children. Significant school competency differences occurred between at-risk loss structured children and normative data on no-risk children and at-risk loss structured children and the mean of both at-risk family groups. A marginal difference occurred between scores of at-risk loss structured and at-risk no-loss structured children. Recommendations for improving this population’s academic outlook were made (increase the awareness of caregivers, teachers, etc.). Additional research is necessary.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: R. Clark
Complex Stimuli, Physical Similarity, And Overshadowing Within The Context Of Conditional Discrimination
Participants in the present research engaged in match-to-sample training involving complex stimuli. For participants in the Experimental Group, one element of each complex sample stimulus was similar in appearance to one element of its correct comparison stimulus. It was hypothesized that participants’ conditional discriminations would be guided by this physical similarity, and, furthermore, that the involvement of these elements in pre-existing equivalence classes would overshadow the learning of conditional relations among the non-similar elements. Consistent with these predictions, one of the three participants in the Experimental Group showed a clear failure of the non-similar elements to enter into equivalence classes with one another. The present research is the first study to examine a factor other than past training (i.e., blocking) that can impact on which component of a complex stimulus is learned during conditional discrimination training. The article concludes with a brief discussion of several areas dealing with complex stimulus control that have traditionally not been studied from a behavior analytic framework.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: W. DeLamarter
The Influence of an Audience on the Performance of Collegiate Long Distance Runners
In this study, the influence of an audience on the performance of long-distance track and cross country runners was explored. 14 male collegiate long-distance runners participated in this study and were evaluated performing under three conditions: no audience (only coactors), mere presence of an audience, and presence of an evaluative audience (parents). It was hypothesized that the fastest times would be recorded in the evaluative condition, while the slowest times would be recorded when only coactors, and no audience was present. The participants also completed surveys that were used to analyze anxiety, and perceptions of parenting styles. Results indicated the runners ran fastest in the mere presence condition in both cross country and track, and overall ran faster during track season. Reasons were explored as to why runners did not perform the best in the evaluative condition.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: J. Searle-White
Psychological Autobiographies: A Window into Mental Illness
The current study investigated the potential utility of psychological autobiographies in clinical work, suggesting that such accounts may offer qualitatively different information than more traditional accounts of mental illness. In particular, first-hand accounts may be better adept at discussing the subjective experience of having a disorder. And analysis of pertinent works–namely Nobody Nowhere, by Donna Williams; An Unquiet Mind, by Kay Redfield Jamison; and When the Music’s Over, by Ross David Burke–provided support for this claim. Accordingly, professionals are advised to utilize psychological autobiographies–in tandem with more traditional accounts–to enhance their understanding of mental illness.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Anderson
Perceived and Self-Reported Sex Roles of Female Athletes and Non-Athletes in Contact and Non-Contact Sports
The current study investigated sex role perceptions in college-aged female athletes who play contact sports and female athletes who play non-contact sports. It explored the differences and similarities between the self-reported sex role scores of female non-athletes and athletes (those who play contact sports and those who play non-contact sports) and the sex-role scores that their peers perceive them to possess. The research revealed that female non-athletes were perceived as significantly less masculine than they reported themselves to be and female athletes were perceived as significantly more masculine than they reported themselves to be. Females who play contact sports were perceived as significantly more masculine than they reported themselves to be. However, females who play non-contact sports were perceived at being less masculine then they reported themselves to be, although these results were not significant. The results suggest that for females, it is not just participation in sports that make others perceive them as more masculine than they are, but also the type of sport that they play. It appears that females who play contact sports have to deal with a significantly larger discrepancy between how they see themselves and how they are seen by others than females who play non-contact sports.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: R. Clark
The Effects of Prenatal OxyContin Exposure on Oral Self-Administration
This study investigated the prenatal effects of OxyContin. The experiment was designed to determine whether prenatal OxyContin exposure increased susceptibility to oral self-administration of OxyContin and if the prenatal exposure had an effect on the analgesic properties of the drug. The study used three experimental groups consisting of a total of 18 Sprague-Dawley rats. Each of the three groups consisted of six rats each and was prenatally exposed to saline, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg of OxyContin. The experiment found that there was no substantial evidence to suggest a difference in the self-administration between the three groups. It also suggests that there is an interaction between the prenatal exposure and the analgesic properties of the drug. The results of the experiment propose that additional research be completed to determine whether OxyContin has lasting effects on the offspring
Major: Psychology and English
Sr. Project Advisor: J. Searle-White
Readers Responses to the Poetry and Suicide of Sylvia Plath
Research has shown that suicide is a powerful social force, and that individuals have certain beliefs about those who commit suicide. Based on reader response literature from a psychological and literary perspective, knowledge of the suicide of the author should affect how readers interpret a poem. Sylvia Plath’s life, death, and poem “Mirror” are discussed as a specific example of reader response theories. In the experiment, the question addressed is: Does knowledge of the author’s suicide effect how readers interpret a poem? Subjects are undergraduate students at Allegheny College. The independent variable is whether or not the participant was aware of the author’s suicide, and the dependent variable is how the participant rated the poem along thirteen dimensions. Participants who were aware of the author’s suicide rated the woman in the poem as significantly more angry and irrational, and found significantly more images representing a cry for help. These results are tied to the particular participant cohort group.
Major: Psychology and Neuroscience
Sr. Project Advisor: R. Clark
Reduction of Ethanol Self-Administration by Treatment with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Previous research has established a role for both serotonin and dopamine in the self-administration of ethanol suggesting that medications that act upon these systems may have clinical efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Given that decreases in both serotonin and dopamine availability may contribute to increased ethanol intake, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) which increase the accessibility of serotonin and dopamine by blocking their metabolism, may provide a means of decreasing operant ethanol self-administration. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of MAOIs on ethanol self-administration. Rats were trained to self-administer ethanol (10% v/v) through a sucrose-fading procedure. Two MAOIs, deprenyl and clorgyline were used as antagonists. Rates of ethanol self-administration decreased in a general dose-related manner.
Major: Psychology and German
Sr. Project Advisor: E. Ozorak
Mastering the Accent: An Examination of the Relationship Between Motivation and Late Learners’ Foreign Language Pronunciation Skills
High levels of motivation are often associated with overall success in foreign language acquisition. The goal of this study is to determine whether higher levels of motivation are also associated with greater success in mastering the specific area of foreign language pronunciation. Mastering the pronunciation of a foreign language after adolescence is especially difficult and post-pubescent learners vary greatly in their level of success. It is predicted that motivation is an important factor accounting for this variability. Participants in this study were 40 English-speaking college German students who all began learning German after age 11. The results of this study, however, suggest that student’s pronunciation ability is not affected significantly by motivation.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: D. Anderson
The Effect of Media Advertisements on Female Body Image
Body image is a concern among most women and evidence shows that it may be affected by the thin ideal portrayed in the media, particularly in fashion magazines. This study examines the differences in college female body image before and after brief exposure to advertisements. The experimental group viewed advertisements of women representing the media’s thin ideal whereas the control group viewed advertisements of larger women. This study also examined the relationship between body image and self-esteem as well as differences between participants of different class years. Body image was measured using the Body Image States Scales and self-esteem was measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The study found a significant decline in the body image of the experimental group after advertisement exposure and no significant change in the control group. This was due to the participants comparing themselves to the women in the advertisements. The study also found a significant positive correlation between body image and self-esteem. First year students had significantly higher initial body image than that of all other students but there were no significant differences in self-esteem. These results suggest that body image is a complex trait and further investigation of other variables including weight, body mass index, and confidence are essential.
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: J. Searle-White
Dissociative Identity Disorder and the Insanity Defense: The Controversy of Multiple Persons in a Single Body Committing Crimes
This paper discusses the controversies surrounding dissociative identity disorder (DID) being the basis for an insanity defense. The insanity defense has specific criteria and tests, which a person pleading insanity must prove in order to have a successful case. Based on research from books and articles about DID and the insanity defense along with prior US cases dealing with these issues it can be said that DID has aspects that do fit some of the criteria necessary for being insane, but because of the implications that arise due to multiple personalities, such as who to evaluate, let testify, or place blame on, DID cannot be seen as an acceptable defense for being legally insane
Major: Psychology
Sr. Project Advisor: E. Ozorak
The effects of higher education on the values of balance between family dynamics and the work environment.
This study wishes to explore how the effect of higher education stresses the importance of a working career and the values of family life. It may seem that with such an emphasis in today’s society to uphold a credited job after college, that it becomes harder to manage the high demand of raising a family as well. This study will look at college age students and their views of men and women in the work force and family dynamics. These variables will be compared to faculty members from the same college who currently has children to see if over time having both a career and family provides for a differing of opinions on the work forces and family structures/values. It is hypothesized that the college age students will have more ambitious goals about a full time career than raising a family. Also, it is hypothesized that after having children, ones values about family dynamics and the work force will change.