Title: Narratives of Justice: Investigating Environmental Injustices in Louisiana Creole Communities Through the Lens of Ouragan by Laurent Gaudé
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science, French
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Primarily located in the southern part of Louisiana, Creole communities are typically found in rural and plantation areas along the Mississippi River and prairie regions of the state. Communities like the Louisiana Creole are unjustly affected by different environmental catastrophes; these people are facing the consequences of environmental injustices. This is evident in case studies such as Cancer Alley, the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, and Hurricane Katrina. The stories of individuals and communities in these marginalized groups during environmental catastrophes are oftentimes overlooked within academia and news coverage. As a result of this, fiction can play a crucial role in illuminating untold environmental injustices. Climate Fiction (Cli-Fi), a subgenre of Science Fiction, focuses on environmental injustices and climate change in the epoch when humans began affecting the environment. This project combines a literature review of real-life examples and a literary analysis of a French fiction novel to examine how fiction and reality can work together to aid in showing the untold stories of marginalized communities during environmental disasters. This project reviews the novel Ouragan [Hurricane] by Laurent Gaudé to explore how climate fiction and reality can work together to shed light on injustices in Louisiana Creole communities.
Title: Green Roofs for a Sustainable Future: Promoting Energy Efficiency and Stormwater Management in Meadville
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Over the years, climate change has become a widely recognized issue that we as humanity must take responsibility for addressing. Two major issues that have contributed to the degradation of the environment are energy consumption, which increases the use of fossil fuels, and stormwater runoff, which contains pollutants and pollutes local waterways. Green roofs provide many benefits for reducing energy consumption and stormwater runoff. This paper will serve to investigate adding a green roof to the Victor Leap Building in Meadville and explore its feasibility regarding both its potential stormwater management and energy efficiency benefits. Data was collected from existing stormwater management research, Victor Leap Building energy consumption data, and plant selection for green roofs in similar climates. Results indicated that the green roof would significantly reduce stormwater runoff, capturing over half of the annual rainfall, while also lowering urban heat island and contributing to a cooler urban environment. Although the energy savings were modest due to the building’s insulation, the green roof’s positive impact on stormwater management and local ecosystem sustainability was evidently clear.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Over the years, climate change has become a widely recognized issue that we as humanity must take responsibility for addressing. Two major issues that have contributed to the degradation of the environment are energy consumption, which increases the use of fossil fuels, and stormwater runoff, which contains pollutants and pollutes local waterways. Green roofs provide many benefits for reducing energy consumption and stormwater runoff. This paper will serve to investigate adding a green roof to the Victor Leap Building in Meadville and explore its feasibility regarding both its potential stormwater management and energy efficiency benefits. Data was collected from existing stormwater management research, Victor Leap Building energy consumption data, and plant selection for green roofs in similar climates. Results indicated that the green roof would significantly reduce stormwater runoff, capturing over half of the annual rainfall, while also lowering urban heat island and contributing to a cooler urban environment. Although the energy savings were modest due to the building’s insulation, the green roof’s positive impact on stormwater management and local ecosystem sustainability was evidently clear.
Title: Revolutionizing Sustainability: The Allegheny College Action Plan for Incentive Recycling
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Currently, there is an increasing concern over the management of plastic waste in the U.S. due to plastic being a major contributor in landfills and waste processing facilities. The disposal of plastic is a very complex subject since burying it in a landfill will take centuries to break down and burning it destroys material that could have otherwise been recycled, thus reducing the need for new raw material. Alternatively, recycling allows for efficient waste management and allows for economic opportunity. A branch of recycling that has emerged with great promise in promoting long-term sustainable waste management practices is known as incentive recycling. Incentive recycling is a process that allows users to actively participate in the recycling programs while being motivated by self-fulfillment and rewards. This paper reviews the effectiveness of incentive-based programs, such as reverse recycling vending machines, and how they may be replicated in the Allegheny College campus community to encourage recycling initiatives and reduce the plastic waste generated.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Currently, there is an increasing concern over the management of plastic waste in the U.S. due to plastic being a major contributor in landfills and waste processing facilities. The disposal of plastic is a very complex subject since burying it in a landfill will take centuries to break down and burning it destroys material that could have otherwise been recycled, thus reducing the need for new raw material. Alternatively, recycling allows for efficient waste management and allows for economic opportunity. A branch of recycling that has emerged with great promise in promoting long-term sustainable waste management practices is known as incentive recycling. Incentive recycling is a process that allows users to actively participate in the recycling programs while being motivated by self-fulfillment and rewards. This paper reviews the effectiveness of incentive-based programs, such as reverse recycling vending machines, and how they may be replicated in the Allegheny College campus community to encourage recycling initiatives and reduce the plastic waste generated.
Title: Investigating the relationships between forest management strategy and terrestrial salamander populations in Northwestern Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Amphibian species are facing a decline as global anthropogenic impacts continue to progress. This is due to amphibians being climatically sensitive, and as a result, they are intolerant to environmental changes in temperature and moisture. In this study, we sought to investigate the relationship between different forest management strategies and terrestrial amphibian populations. This study was conducted in Northwestern Pennsylvania at three properties throughout the area. Collection methods included visual encounter surveys. The motivation behind this project was to provide insight into other potential stressors that terrestrial amphibians may face, while also looking at better ways to manage forests so as to keep biodiversity and amphibian populations intact. Among our surveys, 4 different species were captured. These were Eastern redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), Eastern newts (Notopthalmus viridenscens), 4-toed salamanders (Hemidactylium scutatum), and slimy salamanders (Plethodon glutinosus). Across these 4 species, we saw an overall trend towards higher densities and higher richness at our unmanaged forest stand (Bousson), than at the other two sites with active and passive forest management. We saw that there were no notable differences between the three sites when it came to body condition for eastern redback salamanders, however total length (mm) and mass (g) were highest at the actively managed stand compared to the unmanaged and passively managed stands. Our research holds implications for the maintenance of Northwest Pennsylvania amphibian populations, as well as future sustainable forest management strategies not only for our study area, but for the rest of the world as well.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Amphibian species are facing a decline as global anthropogenic impacts continue to progress. This is due to amphibians being climatically sensitive, and as a result, they are intolerant to environmental changes in temperature and moisture. In this study, we sought to investigate the relationship between different forest management strategies and terrestrial amphibian populations. This study was conducted in Northwestern Pennsylvania at three properties throughout the area. Collection methods included visual encounter surveys. The motivation behind this project was to provide insight into other potential stressors that terrestrial amphibians may face, while also looking at better ways to manage forests so as to keep biodiversity and amphibian populations intact. Among our surveys, 4 different species were captured. These were Eastern redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), Eastern newts (Notopthalmus viridenscens), 4-toed salamanders (Hemidactylium scutatum), and slimy salamanders (Plethodon glutinosus). Across these 4 species, we saw an overall trend towards higher densities and higher richness at our unmanaged forest stand (Bousson), than at the other two sites with active and passive forest management. We saw that there were no notable differences between the three sites when it came to body condition for eastern redback salamanders, however total length (mm) and mass (g) were highest at the actively managed stand compared to the unmanaged and passively managed stands. Our research holds implications for the maintenance of Northwest Pennsylvania amphibian populations, as well as future sustainable forest management strategies not only for our study area, but for the rest of the world as well.
Title: Watered Down: Exploring Hydroperiod Dynamics and Amphibian Abundance in Vernal Pools at Three Properties in Northwest Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Woodland amphibians, such as spotted salamanders and wood frogs, reproduce by laying their eggs in temporary bodies of water (i.e. vernal pools) and germinating them. This process, which starts in the early spring, lasts until the end of summer to produce juvenile amphibians. Vernal pools, a habitat devoid of predators, creates ideal breeding grounds for woodland amphibians. However, these vernal pools eventually dry, and if it dries with undeveloped eggs, those potential juvenile amphibians die. Understanding the relationship between the hydroperiod of these pools and where the amphibians decide to reproduce is important. The objectives of this study were to examine the link between the hydroperiod of vernal pools to the breeding effort within those pools. Several pools at three different sites in Northwestern Pennsylvania were surveyed repeatedly from late winter to late summer, taking note of egg masses and the water level of the pool. It was found that amphibians lay their eggs in pools with higher hydroperiod indices exponentially more than pools with lower hydroperiod indices.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Woodland amphibians, such as spotted salamanders and wood frogs, reproduce by laying their eggs in temporary bodies of water (i.e. vernal pools) and germinating them. This process, which starts in the early spring, lasts until the end of summer to produce juvenile amphibians. Vernal pools, a habitat devoid of predators, creates ideal breeding grounds for woodland amphibians. However, these vernal pools eventually dry, and if it dries with undeveloped eggs, those potential juvenile amphibians die. Understanding the relationship between the hydroperiod of these pools and where the amphibians decide to reproduce is important. The objectives of this study were to examine the link between the hydroperiod of vernal pools to the breeding effort within those pools. Several pools at three different sites in Northwestern Pennsylvania were surveyed repeatedly from late winter to late summer, taking note of egg masses and the water level of the pool. It was found that amphibians lay their eggs in pools with higher hydroperiod indices exponentially more than pools with lower hydroperiod indices.
Title: An Analysis of Greta Thunberg’s Fridays for Future Campaign using Social Media as a Tool for Environmental Justice Movements
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Since the dawn of social media its utility has grown exponentially with networks like Instagram, Facebook, and X, being indispensable aspects of daily life. Social media has become an incredibly useful tool in recent years, where people use it to spread a wide range of information, including perspectives about politics. Politics and social justice movements have gone hand in hand given the political atmosphere trends as of late, with a rise in conservatism. Given the lack of political momentum that Washington D.C. has provided to tackling the growing Climate Crisis, younger generations have used social media to collect and advocate for the Environment. A notable case that highlights the influence of social media is the rise to fame of Greta Thunberg, a Swedish political activist known for her group Fridays for Future (FFF). People are using social media with environmental movements as a call to action for everyday people. This is an incredible tool as public demand creates an extreme amount of pressure on politicians to side with the majority of citizens if they want to be reelected. I plan to conduct a literature review and content analysis on the use of social media as a political tool; specifically looking deeper into Greta Thunberg and the Fridays for Future movement, that centered around Generation Z.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Since the dawn of social media its utility has grown exponentially with networks like Instagram, Facebook, and X, being indispensable aspects of daily life. Social media has become an incredibly useful tool in recent years, where people use it to spread a wide range of information, including perspectives about politics. Politics and social justice movements have gone hand in hand given the political atmosphere trends as of late, with a rise in conservatism. Given the lack of political momentum that Washington D.C. has provided to tackling the growing Climate Crisis, younger generations have used social media to collect and advocate for the Environment. A notable case that highlights the influence of social media is the rise to fame of Greta Thunberg, a Swedish political activist known for her group Fridays for Future (FFF). People are using social media with environmental movements as a call to action for everyday people. This is an incredible tool as public demand creates an extreme amount of pressure on politicians to side with the majority of citizens if they want to be reelected. I plan to conduct a literature review and content analysis on the use of social media as a political tool; specifically looking deeper into Greta Thunberg and the Fridays for Future movement, that centered around Generation Z.
Title: The breaking down of a city built on the ruins of Aztec emperors: Mexico City Reimagining a future built around green infrastructure
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Mexico City is home to millions of people and lies over the ruins of the rich Aztec culture. The city for years now has been facing issues of subsidence and sinking of buildings into the ground due to the rapid pumping of groundwater. The city’s infrastructure was never equipped to face such burdens and as a result, we see the slow degradation of Mexico City. Mexico City is faced with a crisis of trying to come up with fast term solutions to provide water and maintain buildings functional, with limited time and resources. This project assesses and gathers information on the current infrastructure hurdles that Mexico City is facing due to the water crisis it has long been going through. I examine the history of the city, how it was built, where the infrastructure choices made went wrong, and analyze potential green infrastructure methods that can be implemented to help Mexico City overcome some of the challenges that it has been facing. Rebuilding infrastructure in a city as big as Mexico City is a challenge already, so this project explores whether it is feasible to incorporate green infrastructure into new and current building designs to not only help deal with the current water crisis, but to also create building designs that promote sustainability, energy efficiency, and resource maximization.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Mexico City is home to millions of people and lies over the ruins of the rich Aztec culture. The city for years now has been facing issues of subsidence and sinking of buildings into the ground due to the rapid pumping of groundwater. The city’s infrastructure was never equipped to face such burdens and as a result, we see the slow degradation of Mexico City. Mexico City is faced with a crisis of trying to come up with fast term solutions to provide water and maintain buildings functional, with limited time and resources. This project assesses and gathers information on the current infrastructure hurdles that Mexico City is facing due to the water crisis it has long been going through. I examine the history of the city, how it was built, where the infrastructure choices made went wrong, and analyze potential green infrastructure methods that can be implemented to help Mexico City overcome some of the challenges that it has been facing. Rebuilding infrastructure in a city as big as Mexico City is a challenge already, so this project explores whether it is feasible to incorporate green infrastructure into new and current building designs to not only help deal with the current water crisis, but to also create building designs that promote sustainability, energy efficiency, and resource maximization.
Title: Lawns Be Gone: Feasibility Study at Allegheny College Meadville, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Urbanization is increasing the amount of land covered by turf or lawns. Lawns have long been associated with American infrastructure. They provide us with a dense and soft coverage that provides appealing aesthetics and potential for recreation or relaxation. Besides all the benefits lawns provide, their benefits are far outweighed by their negative environmental implications. The conventional lawn is a mix of non-native ornamental grasses which require a vast amount of inputs in maintenance, water, and chemicals, to maintain an aesthetically appealing appearance. This worsens water shortages in arid environments, contributes to air and water pollution, and reduces ecological function. However our cultural connection to lawn is very deeply rooted so finding a sustainable alternative that replicates the functionality and aesthetics of common turf grass is essential to creating a practical solution. Allegheny College is situated in the suburb of Meadville Pennsylvania and utilizes conventional turf lawns in their own landscape design. In this study I explored the feasibility of replacing conventional turf grass with a more sustainable alternative. Through site assessment, stakeholder input, and ecological evaluation, I identified native plant species that support biodiversity and align with the college’s sustainability goals. The findings highlight the potential benefits of native landscaping, and the proposed plan provides a framework for implementation and long-term management of two suitable seed mixes from Ernst Conservation Seeds.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Urbanization is increasing the amount of land covered by turf or lawns. Lawns have long been associated with American infrastructure. They provide us with a dense and soft coverage that provides appealing aesthetics and potential for recreation or relaxation. Besides all the benefits lawns provide, their benefits are far outweighed by their negative environmental implications. The conventional lawn is a mix of non-native ornamental grasses which require a vast amount of inputs in maintenance, water, and chemicals, to maintain an aesthetically appealing appearance. This worsens water shortages in arid environments, contributes to air and water pollution, and reduces ecological function. However our cultural connection to lawn is very deeply rooted so finding a sustainable alternative that replicates the functionality and aesthetics of common turf grass is essential to creating a practical solution. Allegheny College is situated in the suburb of Meadville Pennsylvania and utilizes conventional turf lawns in their own landscape design. In this study I explored the feasibility of replacing conventional turf grass with a more sustainable alternative. Through site assessment, stakeholder input, and ecological evaluation, I identified native plant species that support biodiversity and align with the college’s sustainability goals. The findings highlight the potential benefits of native landscaping, and the proposed plan provides a framework for implementation and long-term management of two suitable seed mixes from Ernst Conservation Seeds.
Title: Impacts of Outdoor Spaces on College Campuses: Literature Review and Allegheny College Design Proposal
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Outdoor environments have been shown to positively affect the well being of individuals that interact with it. Identifying how outdoor spaces not only improve student well being but the campus as a whole is the focus of my project. Findings indicate that it can improve the aesthetics, community building as well as retention and student satisfaction. After identifying the positives of outdoor spaces on campus, my project focuses on direct features of an effective campus space including; seating, location, forms of recreation and teaching opportunities. Then, I identified other outdoor spaces and applied my research to assess the effectiveness of each of these spaces and directly apply them to my own project proposal. This proposal took the form of a SketchUp rendering. Which scaled Allegheny College location into a software, this imaging supports the ideas that I identified and learned about along this process. My hope is that this project finds enthusiastic and interested ears that can appreciate the value of a new outdoor space on the campus of Allegheny College.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Outdoor environments have been shown to positively affect the well being of individuals that interact with it. Identifying how outdoor spaces not only improve student well being but the campus as a whole is the focus of my project. Findings indicate that it can improve the aesthetics, community building as well as retention and student satisfaction. After identifying the positives of outdoor spaces on campus, my project focuses on direct features of an effective campus space including; seating, location, forms of recreation and teaching opportunities. Then, I identified other outdoor spaces and applied my research to assess the effectiveness of each of these spaces and directly apply them to my own project proposal. This proposal took the form of a SketchUp rendering. Which scaled Allegheny College location into a software, this imaging supports the ideas that I identified and learned about along this process. My hope is that this project finds enthusiastic and interested ears that can appreciate the value of a new outdoor space on the campus of Allegheny College.
Title: Effects of land use on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in streams in northwestern PA
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the stream ecosystem has caused eutrophication leading to hypoxia, especially in Lake Erie. Although there are policies and practices that have been implemented over the years to mitigate the excess nutrients seeping from the land into watersheds surrounding Lake Erie, concentrations are still on the rise; with increased eutrophication as a result. The differing land covers in North Western Pennsylvania have led to different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in its surrounding watersheds.The land cover responsible for the most increase in phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in Pennsylvania is said to be farming. This is due to the use of fertilizers and manure in crop fields however, the results comparing farming land cover percentage to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration showed a decline in both as farming land percentage in the watershed increased. Nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as other pollutants, in Pennsylvania also come from urban areas in septic waste, and stormwater which accumulate on the impermeable surfaces that dominate these urban areas. While the average concentration of nitrogen increased with larger areas of development, the average phosphorus concentration decreased. The phosphorus concentration was expected to increase as well due to the fact that most of the N and P in the developed environment is believed to come from fertilizers. The forested watershed results were also inconclusive; as phosphorus concentrations increased with increased forested area and nitrogen concentrations decreased slightly.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the stream ecosystem has caused eutrophication leading to hypoxia, especially in Lake Erie. Although there are policies and practices that have been implemented over the years to mitigate the excess nutrients seeping from the land into watersheds surrounding Lake Erie, concentrations are still on the rise; with increased eutrophication as a result. The differing land covers in North Western Pennsylvania have led to different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in its surrounding watersheds.The land cover responsible for the most increase in phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations in Pennsylvania is said to be farming. This is due to the use of fertilizers and manure in crop fields however, the results comparing farming land cover percentage to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration showed a decline in both as farming land percentage in the watershed increased. Nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as other pollutants, in Pennsylvania also come from urban areas in septic waste, and stormwater which accumulate on the impermeable surfaces that dominate these urban areas. While the average concentration of nitrogen increased with larger areas of development, the average phosphorus concentration decreased. The phosphorus concentration was expected to increase as well due to the fact that most of the N and P in the developed environment is believed to come from fertilizers. The forested watershed results were also inconclusive; as phosphorus concentrations increased with increased forested area and nitrogen concentrations decreased slightly.
Title: Creating a Field Guide to Bousson
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Studio Art, Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Bousson Environmental Research Reserve is an important natural area owned by Allegheny College and has been the focus of research and coursework; however, the ecosystem lacks a field guide. Guides are an important tool for identification and can help promote a better understanding of species, but often, guides lack the ability to show the interconnectedness of an ecosystem. Therefore, creating a field guide to Bousson that illustrates the species’ relationship with one another can close the gap and help readers better understand an ecosystem as a whole. A Bousson field guide can also provide faculty and students with an understanding of what species are present and their connection to the ecosystem. Highlighting the ecosystem of Bousson while honing researchers’ identification skills will help display more deeply why the ecosystem is uniquely important.
Major(s): Studio Art, Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Bousson Environmental Research Reserve is an important natural area owned by Allegheny College and has been the focus of research and coursework; however, the ecosystem lacks a field guide. Guides are an important tool for identification and can help promote a better understanding of species, but often, guides lack the ability to show the interconnectedness of an ecosystem. Therefore, creating a field guide to Bousson that illustrates the species’ relationship with one another can close the gap and help readers better understand an ecosystem as a whole. A Bousson field guide can also provide faculty and students with an understanding of what species are present and their connection to the ecosystem. Highlighting the ecosystem of Bousson while honing researchers’ identification skills will help display more deeply why the ecosystem is uniquely important.
Title: An Assessment Of The Current and Future Economic Impact of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Northwestern Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an invasive species native to Japan that weakens and can eventually kill eastern hemlock trees. HWA has spread across much of the eastern United States and can be found in every county of Pennsylvania. The presence of this invasive insect could cause economic disturbances and hurt industries that rely on hemlock trees for a portion of their revenue. This study specifically focuses on northwestern Pennsylvania within the range of the counties pictured in Figure 1 on page 1 of the paper. In order to determine the scope of current or potential economic damage caused by the HWA, experts in the northwestern Pennsylvania lumber, forestry, and eco-tourism industries were contacted. Based on the responses of the industry experts, HWA does not currently have a large impact on the forest product or eco-tourism industries although it has the potential to severely impact these industries in the future if it is not managed effectively.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an invasive species native to Japan that weakens and can eventually kill eastern hemlock trees. HWA has spread across much of the eastern United States and can be found in every county of Pennsylvania. The presence of this invasive insect could cause economic disturbances and hurt industries that rely on hemlock trees for a portion of their revenue. This study specifically focuses on northwestern Pennsylvania within the range of the counties pictured in Figure 1 on page 1 of the paper. In order to determine the scope of current or potential economic damage caused by the HWA, experts in the northwestern Pennsylvania lumber, forestry, and eco-tourism industries were contacted. Based on the responses of the industry experts, HWA does not currently have a large impact on the forest product or eco-tourism industries although it has the potential to severely impact these industries in the future if it is not managed effectively.
Title: The Climate Cost of Indifference : Pakistan’s Battle against Policy Failures and Global Neglect
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Pakistan is living through the climate crisis in real time. From floods that erase entire communities to heat waves that make cities unlivable, the country has become a symbol of climate injustice—suffering some of the world’s most devastating environmental impacts despite contributing almost nothing to the problem. This thesis asks a hard question: what happens when a country already facing political instability and economic fragility is also left alone to face a crisis it didn’t create?
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Pakistan is living through the climate crisis in real time. From floods that erase entire communities to heat waves that make cities unlivable, the country has become a symbol of climate injustice—suffering some of the world’s most devastating environmental impacts despite contributing almost nothing to the problem. This thesis asks a hard question: what happens when a country already facing political instability and economic fragility is also left alone to face a crisis it didn’t create?
Through an in-depth analysis of Pakistan’s climate policies, like the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), this research reveals a landscape of ambition on paper, but inertia in practice. Corruption, poor governance and top-down planning have blocked real progress, while vulnerable communities, especially women, minorities and rural populations, are excluded from the decisions that affect them most. At the global level, the story is just as bleak. Wealthy nations have made lofty promises about climate finance, but what Pakistan receives is tangled in red tape, buried in loans, and far too little, far too late. As climate migration increases and entire regions become uninhabitable, the lack of timely international support raises serious questions about global accountability and justice.
This thesis doesn’t just highlight what’s broken, it proposes how to fix it. From realistic renewable energy pathways to community-driven adaptation and climate finance reform, the recommendations point toward a model of resilience built on transparency, inclusion, and long-term vision. Climate change isn’t just a science problem or a policy problem, it’s a justice problem. Pakistan stands at the intersection of all three.
Title: Overflowing with opportunity: Investigating case studies of stormwater management in Meadville, PA and Fallsburg, NY
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science, Spanish
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As the climate crisis intensifies, communities located in humid regions are more likely to face increased precipitation and extreme flooding or stormwater events. Factors such as poverty levels and racial minority populations can also amplify the disparate challenges a community experiences in the face of such events. It is therefore critical to assess how local communities prepare infrastructure that mitigates the effects of such events and builds climate resilience, especially within the context of other existing inequities. This study examines two small towns – Meadville, PA and Fallsburg, NY – located in humid regions with notable populations of low-income and Hispanic/ Latino residents (respectively). This research aims to understand how these small communities utilize policy and planning to mitigate stormwater issues and, by extent, climate change. The emphasis on small communities is intentional, as there is less literature on small and mid-sized cities in comparison to large metropolitan areas. In order to complete the research goals, three policies or plans related to stormwater and/ or climate were selected per town, and placed against a systematic policy assessment framework designed to examine factors such as ecological, social, financial, and sustainability concerns. As a result, Meadville had slightly more intersectional awareness across these categories about how stormwater, climate change, and planning for both of these issues are linked, both in terms of where problems and potential sustainable solutions emerge. However, both towns demonstrated awareness of the critical need to address stormwater issues, especially as a means of protecting water quality and ecosystem health. Chapter 4, La representación del cambio climático en la prensa de Meadville, PA y Fallsburg, NY (2022 a 2024) examines the local newspapers of each case study community in order to examine how issues related to climate change are represented and reacted to by readers. This chapter synthesizes newspaper articles written in the Spanish and English languages from the Sullivan County Democrat / Hoy en Sullivan and the Meadville Tribune. Overall, this study contributes an interdisciplinary policy assessment framework coupled with local media communications analysis that can be utilized to study other small towns and build awareness of stormwater and climate change planning across different communities.
Major(s): Environmental Science, Spanish
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As the climate crisis intensifies, communities located in humid regions are more likely to face increased precipitation and extreme flooding or stormwater events. Factors such as poverty levels and racial minority populations can also amplify the disparate challenges a community experiences in the face of such events. It is therefore critical to assess how local communities prepare infrastructure that mitigates the effects of such events and builds climate resilience, especially within the context of other existing inequities. This study examines two small towns – Meadville, PA and Fallsburg, NY – located in humid regions with notable populations of low-income and Hispanic/ Latino residents (respectively). This research aims to understand how these small communities utilize policy and planning to mitigate stormwater issues and, by extent, climate change. The emphasis on small communities is intentional, as there is less literature on small and mid-sized cities in comparison to large metropolitan areas. In order to complete the research goals, three policies or plans related to stormwater and/ or climate were selected per town, and placed against a systematic policy assessment framework designed to examine factors such as ecological, social, financial, and sustainability concerns. As a result, Meadville had slightly more intersectional awareness across these categories about how stormwater, climate change, and planning for both of these issues are linked, both in terms of where problems and potential sustainable solutions emerge. However, both towns demonstrated awareness of the critical need to address stormwater issues, especially as a means of protecting water quality and ecosystem health. Chapter 4, La representación del cambio climático en la prensa de Meadville, PA y Fallsburg, NY (2022 a 2024) examines the local newspapers of each case study community in order to examine how issues related to climate change are represented and reacted to by readers. This chapter synthesizes newspaper articles written in the Spanish and English languages from the Sullivan County Democrat / Hoy en Sullivan and the Meadville Tribune. Overall, this study contributes an interdisciplinary policy assessment framework coupled with local media communications analysis that can be utilized to study other small towns and build awareness of stormwater and climate change planning across different communities.
Title: Vail’s Effects on Mountain Towns and Community
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Large ski resort companies, like Vail, have significant negative impacts on the mountain town communities where they own resorts. These companies drive up housing prices, displace local residents, and monopolize economic opportunities– creating competition between locally- owned and corporate owned businesses, and creating seasonal job instability for locals. These impacts circulate around issues of affordability, crowding, and displacement, and much research exists concerning these direct impacts. However, little has been done to understand the impacts on local culture, sense of place, and “vibe” in these communities. This project looks to acknowledge and analyze these community impacts by interviewing locals from Colorado mountain towns such as Breckenridge, Crested Butte, and Durango. These interviews ask locals about their experiences with Vail, their experiences within their town, and their perceptions of community– hoping to bring forward strategies to diminish the negative impacts of Vail and strengthen senses of community. The results of this research brought socially- driven solutions to the forefront of community and local culture preservation strategies. These solutions specifically drive that implementing stronger protections, resistance, and education are likely to be the most effective remedies in prioritizing the communities of these mountain towns.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Large ski resort companies, like Vail, have significant negative impacts on the mountain town communities where they own resorts. These companies drive up housing prices, displace local residents, and monopolize economic opportunities– creating competition between locally- owned and corporate owned businesses, and creating seasonal job instability for locals. These impacts circulate around issues of affordability, crowding, and displacement, and much research exists concerning these direct impacts. However, little has been done to understand the impacts on local culture, sense of place, and “vibe” in these communities. This project looks to acknowledge and analyze these community impacts by interviewing locals from Colorado mountain towns such as Breckenridge, Crested Butte, and Durango. These interviews ask locals about their experiences with Vail, their experiences within their town, and their perceptions of community– hoping to bring forward strategies to diminish the negative impacts of Vail and strengthen senses of community. The results of this research brought socially- driven solutions to the forefront of community and local culture preservation strategies. These solutions specifically drive that implementing stronger protections, resistance, and education are likely to be the most effective remedies in prioritizing the communities of these mountain towns.
Title: Is the pool too salty or acidic? Effects of precipitation on small pool chemistry at Busson.
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Vernal pools are temporary pools of water that serve as important breeding grounds for a number of amphibian species. The vernal pools present in the glaciated region of northwestern Pennsylvania have not been thoroughly studied. At the same time the connection between acid rain and acidification of small water bodies has been somewhat overlooked. The site of this study is the Bousson Environmental Research Reserve, which is a regional hotspot for amphibian diversity. There are three pool clusters on site that are in different areas of the reserve, which gives us a geographic diversity. We collected data on; precipitation amount, and wetland pH and salinity. We found that there was some suggestion that precipitation impacts pH and salinity but there was not enough evidence to determine exactly how.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Vernal pools are temporary pools of water that serve as important breeding grounds for a number of amphibian species. The vernal pools present in the glaciated region of northwestern Pennsylvania have not been thoroughly studied. At the same time the connection between acid rain and acidification of small water bodies has been somewhat overlooked. The site of this study is the Bousson Environmental Research Reserve, which is a regional hotspot for amphibian diversity. There are three pool clusters on site that are in different areas of the reserve, which gives us a geographic diversity. We collected data on; precipitation amount, and wetland pH and salinity. We found that there was some suggestion that precipitation impacts pH and salinity but there was not enough evidence to determine exactly how.
Title: Chillin’ with the Seagulls: A GIS Analysis for Best Placement of Gull Shading Structures
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As urban development and human recreation on beaches increase, many shorebird species, such as gulls, are relocating to alternative nesting sites like rooftops. These rooftops mimic aspects of their natural habitat, but during peak summer months (May to August), extreme heat events pose a significant risk to flightless young gulls, leading to high injury and mortality rates. To mitigate this, the use of rooftop shading structures has been proposed. In collaboration with Tamarack Wildlife Center, this study aims to identify optimal locations for installing shading structures on rooftops within a subsection of Erie, PA. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this project analyzed multiple factors including solar radiation, proximity to past gull injury reports, proximity to impervious surfaces, roof slope, and roof area. Each criterion was ranked on a scale from 1 to 5 and combined to generate a cumulative suitability score for each building. The final output was a map classifying buildings from least (1) to most (5) suitable for shade installation. Five buildings received top suitability scores; all were industrial structures located along a major roadway in the study region. Upon closer inspection, only the highest-ranked building showed an existing gull colony, suggesting the model was effective, though the initial selection of the study region may need refinement. This research offers a framework for future studies to find most suitable placement for shading structures.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As urban development and human recreation on beaches increase, many shorebird species, such as gulls, are relocating to alternative nesting sites like rooftops. These rooftops mimic aspects of their natural habitat, but during peak summer months (May to August), extreme heat events pose a significant risk to flightless young gulls, leading to high injury and mortality rates. To mitigate this, the use of rooftop shading structures has been proposed. In collaboration with Tamarack Wildlife Center, this study aims to identify optimal locations for installing shading structures on rooftops within a subsection of Erie, PA. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this project analyzed multiple factors including solar radiation, proximity to past gull injury reports, proximity to impervious surfaces, roof slope, and roof area. Each criterion was ranked on a scale from 1 to 5 and combined to generate a cumulative suitability score for each building. The final output was a map classifying buildings from least (1) to most (5) suitable for shade installation. Five buildings received top suitability scores; all were industrial structures located along a major roadway in the study region. Upon closer inspection, only the highest-ranked building showed an existing gull colony, suggesting the model was effective, though the initial selection of the study region may need refinement. This research offers a framework for future studies to find most suitable placement for shading structures.
Title: Effectiveness of Drones in Monitoring Plants of Which Goats are Tasked with Grazing
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: It is important to investigate the integration of drone technology with goat grazing practices, focusing on how drones can be employed to monitor goats and assess the vegetation they graze upon. Drawing from a multifaceted approach that includes interviews with farmers and goat ranchers, extensive literary research, and hands-on field studies with goats, this work explores the potential and challenges of using drones in agricultural and ecological contexts. I have found through my research that although there can be some complications with getting the drones to monitor the goats while they are in the field, drones should excel with being able to monitor the areas where the goats have grazed. This can be done by monitoring the fields and forests in which these goats graze.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: It is important to investigate the integration of drone technology with goat grazing practices, focusing on how drones can be employed to monitor goats and assess the vegetation they graze upon. Drawing from a multifaceted approach that includes interviews with farmers and goat ranchers, extensive literary research, and hands-on field studies with goats, this work explores the potential and challenges of using drones in agricultural and ecological contexts. I have found through my research that although there can be some complications with getting the drones to monitor the goats while they are in the field, drones should excel with being able to monitor the areas where the goats have grazed. This can be done by monitoring the fields and forests in which these goats graze.
Title: Soil Organic Matter Across a Chronosequence of Cultivated Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is an indigenous North American warm season grass developed as a perennial biofuel crop. Switchgrass cultivation has the potential to improve or protect certain soil properties, but there is mixed evidence on the effect of continuous switchgrass cultivation on soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, I collected soil and biomass samples from switchgrass stands of different ages (1-17 years) to investigate the effect of age, aboveground biomass (AGB), and belowground biomass (BGB) on SOM concentration and mass. SOM concentration had no correlation with stand age, and SOM mass was negatively correlated (R2=0.51) to stand age. BGB and total biomass displayed no correlation to stand age, though BGB and total biomass were lowest for the youngest stand. AGB was negatively correlated (R2=0.35) with stand age. AGB was positively correlated weakly with SOM concentration (R2=0.12) and more strongly with SOM mass (R2=0.88), despite annual AGB harvest. BGB was positively correlated with SOM concentration (R2=0.67; p=0.046) but not correlated with SOM mass. These results suggest that SOM and biomass respond to variation within sites and, although SOM was not shown to accumulate in older sites, the concentration of SOM was not found to be depleted over years of continuous switchgrass cropping. This work contributes to the evolving understanding of SOM dynamics under switchgrass and perennial cropping systems which will inform biogeochemistry modeling and agro-ecosystem management.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is an indigenous North American warm season grass developed as a perennial biofuel crop. Switchgrass cultivation has the potential to improve or protect certain soil properties, but there is mixed evidence on the effect of continuous switchgrass cultivation on soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, I collected soil and biomass samples from switchgrass stands of different ages (1-17 years) to investigate the effect of age, aboveground biomass (AGB), and belowground biomass (BGB) on SOM concentration and mass. SOM concentration had no correlation with stand age, and SOM mass was negatively correlated (R2=0.51) to stand age. BGB and total biomass displayed no correlation to stand age, though BGB and total biomass were lowest for the youngest stand. AGB was negatively correlated (R2=0.35) with stand age. AGB was positively correlated weakly with SOM concentration (R2=0.12) and more strongly with SOM mass (R2=0.88), despite annual AGB harvest. BGB was positively correlated with SOM concentration (R2=0.67; p=0.046) but not correlated with SOM mass. These results suggest that SOM and biomass respond to variation within sites and, although SOM was not shown to accumulate in older sites, the concentration of SOM was not found to be depleted over years of continuous switchgrass cropping. This work contributes to the evolving understanding of SOM dynamics under switchgrass and perennial cropping systems which will inform biogeochemistry modeling and agro-ecosystem management.
Title: Should I stay or Should I go: Catastrophic drift and recolonization in streamside salamanders
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Our objective was to measure the rates of extinction and recolonisation after catastrophic streamflow events in the salamander populations of small headwater streams at the Bousson Environmental Research Reserve, as well as gaining a better understanding of the species present and the population dynamics of these stream salamanders. As temperature and precipitation patterns shift with climate change, these stream salamanders will face increased abiotic stress, the effects of which on their overall populations are not yet well known. Research on stream salamanders’ responses to these stressors could help understand what is needed for conservation going forward. During this study we found that the species composition of streams at Bousson was primarily dominated by Allegheny Mountain Dusky (Desmognathus ochrophaeus) and Northern Dusky salamanders (Desmonganthus fuscus). Low rainfall during the study period resulted in inconclusive results for many of the climatic factors we were looking at. We did find evidence that age classes react differently to climatic disturbances. Adult salamander density decreased with increasing rainfall as juvenile salamander density increased.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Our objective was to measure the rates of extinction and recolonisation after catastrophic streamflow events in the salamander populations of small headwater streams at the Bousson Environmental Research Reserve, as well as gaining a better understanding of the species present and the population dynamics of these stream salamanders. As temperature and precipitation patterns shift with climate change, these stream salamanders will face increased abiotic stress, the effects of which on their overall populations are not yet well known. Research on stream salamanders’ responses to these stressors could help understand what is needed for conservation going forward. During this study we found that the species composition of streams at Bousson was primarily dominated by Allegheny Mountain Dusky (Desmognathus ochrophaeus) and Northern Dusky salamanders (Desmonganthus fuscus). Low rainfall during the study period resulted in inconclusive results for many of the climatic factors we were looking at. We did find evidence that age classes react differently to climatic disturbances. Adult salamander density decreased with increasing rainfall as juvenile salamander density increased.
Title: Mission Massasauga: A GIS Multi-Criteria Evaluation
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake is a federally threatened species and a Pennsylvania state endangered species. Snakes provide a wide array of important ecosystem services, such as rodent population control and being umbrella species for sensitive habitats. Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes face a wide array of challenges, including habitat destruction and degradation, habitat fragmentation, disease, and negative human interactions. Due to this, species population numbers have been steadily declining. The PA Fish and Boat Commission set out to create a species action plan for the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake in order to prevent the species from becoming extant from the state. Said plan seeks to eventually reintroduce a population of rattlesnakes somewhere within the species historic range. This analysis focuses on finding suitable areas within that range large enough to house a population of 10 individuals. GIS fuzzy logic analysis was completed based on Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake habitat preferences and human-centered habitat constraints. From this, regions large enough to accommodate a robust population were identified. The study region spanned across 8 counties located in western Pennsylvania. The model identified 10 highly suitable regions large enough to support a new population, mostly concentrated in the Northeastern portion of the study region. Across the study region, only 8.9% of the area exhibited above average suitability. High levels of development and fragmentation highlight challenges in traveling to and from overwintering habitat and regular habitat. This habitat suitability model can be used in the conservation planning of this species within other regions of North America.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake is a federally threatened species and a Pennsylvania state endangered species. Snakes provide a wide array of important ecosystem services, such as rodent population control and being umbrella species for sensitive habitats. Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnakes face a wide array of challenges, including habitat destruction and degradation, habitat fragmentation, disease, and negative human interactions. Due to this, species population numbers have been steadily declining. The PA Fish and Boat Commission set out to create a species action plan for the Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake in order to prevent the species from becoming extant from the state. Said plan seeks to eventually reintroduce a population of rattlesnakes somewhere within the species historic range. This analysis focuses on finding suitable areas within that range large enough to house a population of 10 individuals. GIS fuzzy logic analysis was completed based on Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake habitat preferences and human-centered habitat constraints. From this, regions large enough to accommodate a robust population were identified. The study region spanned across 8 counties located in western Pennsylvania. The model identified 10 highly suitable regions large enough to support a new population, mostly concentrated in the Northeastern portion of the study region. Across the study region, only 8.9% of the area exhibited above average suitability. High levels of development and fragmentation highlight challenges in traveling to and from overwintering habitat and regular habitat. This habitat suitability model can be used in the conservation planning of this species within other regions of North America.
Title: Quigley’s Rain Garden
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Global change is intensifying the hydrological cycle, leading to more frequent and extreme precipitation events, especially in the Northeastern United States. By the end of the century, monthly precipitation in the region is expected to increase by about an inch from December through April under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Allegheny College, located in Meadville, Pennsylvania, experiences an average annual precipitation of 44.29 inches, contributing to significant stormwater runoff. This runoff carries pollutants like phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, and zinc into local waterways, degrading water quality. This study evaluates the effectiveness of rain gardens in managing stormwater and proposes installing one at Quigley Hall. GIS analysis determined the site has a surface runoff area of 0.51 acres, contributing approximately 34,480.9 gallons of stormwater during a 2-year, 24-hour storm event. Soil infiltration tests showed significant variation, with rates ranging from 0.04 inches per hour in compacted areas to 5.5 inches per hour in the most permeable zones. The proposed rain garden, spanning 2,268 square feet with a depth of 4 feet, would help control runoff, filter pollutants, and enhance biodiversity. Implementing this project would not only aid in stormwater management but also support the college’s sustainability goals and contribute to Meadville’s broader environmental efforts.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Global change is intensifying the hydrological cycle, leading to more frequent and extreme precipitation events, especially in the Northeastern United States. By the end of the century, monthly precipitation in the region is expected to increase by about an inch from December through April under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Allegheny College, located in Meadville, Pennsylvania, experiences an average annual precipitation of 44.29 inches, contributing to significant stormwater runoff. This runoff carries pollutants like phosphorus, nitrogen, lead, and zinc into local waterways, degrading water quality. This study evaluates the effectiveness of rain gardens in managing stormwater and proposes installing one at Quigley Hall. GIS analysis determined the site has a surface runoff area of 0.51 acres, contributing approximately 34,480.9 gallons of stormwater during a 2-year, 24-hour storm event. Soil infiltration tests showed significant variation, with rates ranging from 0.04 inches per hour in compacted areas to 5.5 inches per hour in the most permeable zones. The proposed rain garden, spanning 2,268 square feet with a depth of 4 feet, would help control runoff, filter pollutants, and enhance biodiversity. Implementing this project would not only aid in stormwater management but also support the college’s sustainability goals and contribute to Meadville’s broader environmental efforts.
Title: Solar Panels on Allegheny College-Owned Land
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Robertson Sports Complex can benefit from having solar panels. Not just for helping reduce the cost of electricity that is being used up there daily, But solar panels can bring more benefits. The solar array will be more accessible for students and professors and could get more of an educational purpose of seeing how solar panels function and what it takes to design them. Having solar panels on the grounds of Robertson will help allow the students to be able to observe solar panels in person and not only be looking at solar panels through screens also will not need students to go on far-field trips to solar panel farms when at Robertson to be able to be observed. Also, having solar panels at Robertson can show Allegheny’s College’s commitment to renewable energy by people from sporting events and other events at Robertson being able to see the solar panels visibly when they are there for their events.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Robertson Sports Complex can benefit from having solar panels. Not just for helping reduce the cost of electricity that is being used up there daily, But solar panels can bring more benefits. The solar array will be more accessible for students and professors and could get more of an educational purpose of seeing how solar panels function and what it takes to design them. Having solar panels on the grounds of Robertson will help allow the students to be able to observe solar panels in person and not only be looking at solar panels through screens also will not need students to go on far-field trips to solar panel farms when at Robertson to be able to be observed. Also, having solar panels at Robertson can show Allegheny’s College’s commitment to renewable energy by people from sporting events and other events at Robertson being able to see the solar panels visibly when they are there for their events.
Title: Testing the Biotic Resistance Hypothesis: The Influence of Native Darter Diversity on Invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) Performance in Experimental Stream Systems
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Biology, Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The biotic resistance hypothesis (BRH) suggests that areas with higher native species diversity are more resistant to invasive species. This study examines biotic resistance as a potential mechanism limiting the success of the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in the French Creek Watershed, Pennsylvania. Using artificial stream systems, we tested whether varying levels of native darter (Etheostoma and Percina spp.) diversity influence the growth, body condition, and behavior of gobies and darters. Experimental tanks housed a fixed fish density of two gobies and five darters under low-diversity (1 darter species) or high-diversity (5 darter species) treatments. Over a 12-day period, fish growth and body condition were measured as proxies for food acquisition, while underwater video recordings captured feeding behaviors and competitive interactions. I hypothesized that gobies would exhibit decreased growth and less aggressive behaviors in high-diversity tanks, consistent with the BRH. While no statistically significant trends in body or behavioral metrics were observed between treatment types, gobies did spend over 5 times fewer seconds in the open frame of the video recording than darters in high-diversity tanks (p = 0.039), but not in low-diversity tanks (p = 0.725), providing partial support for BRH. Additionally, gobies exhibited higher aggression rates than darters across both treatments, but this difference was only marginal (p = 0.066). We also find that gobies exhibit a more positive body condition change rate than darters across both treatments, indicating some physiological dominance of gobies. Although these results do not provide strong evidence for capturing the BRH, they do support previous findings of goby aggression and quick growth rate. Future research should consider additional ecological variables, such as habitat complexity, resource availability, and fish communities with increased functional diversity to better understand the mechanisms providing invasion resistance in the French Creek Watershed.
Major(s): Biology, Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The biotic resistance hypothesis (BRH) suggests that areas with higher native species diversity are more resistant to invasive species. This study examines biotic resistance as a potential mechanism limiting the success of the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in the French Creek Watershed, Pennsylvania. Using artificial stream systems, we tested whether varying levels of native darter (Etheostoma and Percina spp.) diversity influence the growth, body condition, and behavior of gobies and darters. Experimental tanks housed a fixed fish density of two gobies and five darters under low-diversity (1 darter species) or high-diversity (5 darter species) treatments. Over a 12-day period, fish growth and body condition were measured as proxies for food acquisition, while underwater video recordings captured feeding behaviors and competitive interactions. I hypothesized that gobies would exhibit decreased growth and less aggressive behaviors in high-diversity tanks, consistent with the BRH. While no statistically significant trends in body or behavioral metrics were observed between treatment types, gobies did spend over 5 times fewer seconds in the open frame of the video recording than darters in high-diversity tanks (p = 0.039), but not in low-diversity tanks (p = 0.725), providing partial support for BRH. Additionally, gobies exhibited higher aggression rates than darters across both treatments, but this difference was only marginal (p = 0.066). We also find that gobies exhibit a more positive body condition change rate than darters across both treatments, indicating some physiological dominance of gobies. Although these results do not provide strong evidence for capturing the BRH, they do support previous findings of goby aggression and quick growth rate. Future research should consider additional ecological variables, such as habitat complexity, resource availability, and fish communities with increased functional diversity to better understand the mechanisms providing invasion resistance in the French Creek Watershed.
Title: From the Ground Up: Interviewing Food Forest Organizers in Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Large-scale agriculture simultaneously exacerbates major environmental issues and food insecurity. Not only do people already have little access to food due to food apartheid (areas that have had their access to sufficient food systemically restricted or erased, directly relating to racism and oppression of marginalized communities–which encompasses disabled people, BIPOC, religious minorities, and LGBTQIA2S+ people) but they also have little control over what they consume. Community food forestry (a form of permaculture that focuses on self-sustaining, food-producing plants) represents a potential way for these issues to begin to be addressed, as it can aid local communities in having access to a more diverse array of sustainably-produced food. However, literature surrounding community-led agricultural operations is largely limited to community gardens, while also having limited focus on Pennsylvania specifically. Thus, this study seeks to evaluate the potential of food forests as a means to address food insecurity, food apartheid, and food sovereignty through interviewing three organizers of community food forests in Pennsylvania. These organizers were asked questions pertaining to what public participation in their operations look like, how maintenance and upkeep are managed, and what potential barriers exist in maintaining them. Their answers demonstrated that while community involvement varies between operations, each operation is actively working to combat food insecurity and food apartheid in their respective communities. With this, the study shows that community-led agricultural operations like community food forests have the potential to make progress towards combating food insecurity and food apartheid while also contributing to communal food sovereignty movements.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Large-scale agriculture simultaneously exacerbates major environmental issues and food insecurity. Not only do people already have little access to food due to food apartheid (areas that have had their access to sufficient food systemically restricted or erased, directly relating to racism and oppression of marginalized communities–which encompasses disabled people, BIPOC, religious minorities, and LGBTQIA2S+ people) but they also have little control over what they consume. Community food forestry (a form of permaculture that focuses on self-sustaining, food-producing plants) represents a potential way for these issues to begin to be addressed, as it can aid local communities in having access to a more diverse array of sustainably-produced food. However, literature surrounding community-led agricultural operations is largely limited to community gardens, while also having limited focus on Pennsylvania specifically. Thus, this study seeks to evaluate the potential of food forests as a means to address food insecurity, food apartheid, and food sovereignty through interviewing three organizers of community food forests in Pennsylvania. These organizers were asked questions pertaining to what public participation in their operations look like, how maintenance and upkeep are managed, and what potential barriers exist in maintaining them. Their answers demonstrated that while community involvement varies between operations, each operation is actively working to combat food insecurity and food apartheid in their respective communities. With this, the study shows that community-led agricultural operations like community food forests have the potential to make progress towards combating food insecurity and food apartheid while also contributing to communal food sovereignty movements.
Title: An Analysis of Northwestern Pennsylvania Beekeeping Challenges and Potential Solutions
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Honeybees are a vital part of nature and human life and are incredibly important pollinators. In recent years, the beekeeping industry has been rapidly declining due to climate change, changing weather patterns, and parasites. As these issues increase in severity, beekeepers find it more and more difficult to maintain healthy hives. Climate change can accelerate parasites and diseases, which pose a severe threat to honeybees. Many populations of species are declining severely due to issues such as changing climates and habitat loss. Population decline of honeybees in North America has been complex, with slow decline in some species and sharp declines in others. Seasonal shifts have been occurring in Northwestern Pennsylvania, leading to earlier springs and warmer winters. These changes in weather patterns have the potential to directly affect Northwestern Pennsylvania beekeepers and the health of their hives. To gain an understanding of these potentially damaging factors, beekeepers were surveyed through Google Forms, and a physical survey was distributed as well.. The survey was distributed to beekeepers of Northwestern Pennsylvania to understand the issues they are facing as well as methods they are taking to adapt to these changes. Through the responses received, it was found that climate change is only a mild concern amongst beekeepers, and there are very few beekeepers experiencing any negative effects on their hive productivity and survival.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Honeybees are a vital part of nature and human life and are incredibly important pollinators. In recent years, the beekeeping industry has been rapidly declining due to climate change, changing weather patterns, and parasites. As these issues increase in severity, beekeepers find it more and more difficult to maintain healthy hives. Climate change can accelerate parasites and diseases, which pose a severe threat to honeybees. Many populations of species are declining severely due to issues such as changing climates and habitat loss. Population decline of honeybees in North America has been complex, with slow decline in some species and sharp declines in others. Seasonal shifts have been occurring in Northwestern Pennsylvania, leading to earlier springs and warmer winters. These changes in weather patterns have the potential to directly affect Northwestern Pennsylvania beekeepers and the health of their hives. To gain an understanding of these potentially damaging factors, beekeepers were surveyed through Google Forms, and a physical survey was distributed as well.. The survey was distributed to beekeepers of Northwestern Pennsylvania to understand the issues they are facing as well as methods they are taking to adapt to these changes. Through the responses received, it was found that climate change is only a mild concern amongst beekeepers, and there are very few beekeepers experiencing any negative effects on their hive productivity and survival.
Title: Analyzing the Role of Japanese Knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) Density on River Otter (Lontra canadensis) Behavior at Latrines in Ohiopyle State Park
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: North American river otters (Lontra canadensis), are a valuable species that can indicate the health of ecosystems. After years of population reduction from over-hunting, significant loss of habitat, and increased pollution, various reintroductions throughout the United States have helped to improve their population status. Their reestablishment comes at a time overlapping with the introduction of a variety of invasive species including Japanese Knotweed (Reynoutria japonica). River otters use latrines along the shoreline which function as social meeting places and excretion locations along rivers. Japanese knotweed grows in dense populations along riparian areas, which has the potential to reduce accessibility of river otters to latrine areas In Ohiopyle State Park, two stream reach sections of the Youghenegy river have had varying levels of treatment occur for Japanese Knotweed resulting in different levels of plant density left behind. In this project, four camera traps were deployed on the Youghiogheny River. Two of those cameras were set up at latrine sites on the middle section of the river where full treatment of Japanese Knotweed occurred over fifteen years. The other two cameras were set up on latrines on the lower-lower section of the river where treatment only began in 2023. The goal of this research was to understand the potential impact Japanese knotweed has on river otter behavior and visitation patterns based on the plants presence and density at latrines. River otter detections occurred more frequently on the middle section of river where full treatment had occurred in comparison to the lower-lower section of river. In total, 43 river otter detections were collected from the four separate cameras. After looking at the data, it is important to consider further treatment on the lower-lower section of river in an attempt to replicate the findings seen on the middle section of river. By doing so, further support and education can be spread on how to best encourage conservation strategies for river otters especially within the Youghiogheny River.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: North American river otters (Lontra canadensis), are a valuable species that can indicate the health of ecosystems. After years of population reduction from over-hunting, significant loss of habitat, and increased pollution, various reintroductions throughout the United States have helped to improve their population status. Their reestablishment comes at a time overlapping with the introduction of a variety of invasive species including Japanese Knotweed (Reynoutria japonica). River otters use latrines along the shoreline which function as social meeting places and excretion locations along rivers. Japanese knotweed grows in dense populations along riparian areas, which has the potential to reduce accessibility of river otters to latrine areas In Ohiopyle State Park, two stream reach sections of the Youghenegy river have had varying levels of treatment occur for Japanese Knotweed resulting in different levels of plant density left behind. In this project, four camera traps were deployed on the Youghiogheny River. Two of those cameras were set up at latrine sites on the middle section of the river where full treatment of Japanese Knotweed occurred over fifteen years. The other two cameras were set up on latrines on the lower-lower section of the river where treatment only began in 2023. The goal of this research was to understand the potential impact Japanese knotweed has on river otter behavior and visitation patterns based on the plants presence and density at latrines. River otter detections occurred more frequently on the middle section of river where full treatment had occurred in comparison to the lower-lower section of river. In total, 43 river otter detections were collected from the four separate cameras. After looking at the data, it is important to consider further treatment on the lower-lower section of river in an attempt to replicate the findings seen on the middle section of river. By doing so, further support and education can be spread on how to best encourage conservation strategies for river otters especially within the Youghiogheny River.
Title: An Environmental Assessment of Mill Run in Meadville, Pennsylvania
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This project’s goal is to compare water chemistry and macroinvertebrate data of Mill Run from 2011 to data collected in this project (2025). Allegheny College’s Center for Economic and Environmental Development performed a 2011 Environmental Assessment of Mill Run that reported data on water quality, macroinvertebrates, fish, land-cover, and habitat assessments from a variety of sites along Mill Run. Through the data collection and analysis of water quality and macroinvertebrates in this current project, more data is added to the current bank of knowledge on Mill Run and provides quantitative results that can be used to see if any changes in the stream’s health have occurred. Five testing sites along Mill Run have been chosen for this project. Water chemistry tests and macroinvertebrate sampling were performed at each of the sites. Comparison between water chemistry data and the macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (IBI) from 2011 and this project (2025) was used to determine if there have been any changes in the water quality of Mill Run. This project’s data indicates that Mill Run has experienced some positive changes in water chemistry, but the IBI scores still indicate that the stream is not suitable for aquatic life. Future water quality monitoring should be conducted on Mill Run using the same protocols and methods used in this project to ensure consistent results and allow researchers and community members to understand the condition of Mill Run over time.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: This project’s goal is to compare water chemistry and macroinvertebrate data of Mill Run from 2011 to data collected in this project (2025). Allegheny College’s Center for Economic and Environmental Development performed a 2011 Environmental Assessment of Mill Run that reported data on water quality, macroinvertebrates, fish, land-cover, and habitat assessments from a variety of sites along Mill Run. Through the data collection and analysis of water quality and macroinvertebrates in this current project, more data is added to the current bank of knowledge on Mill Run and provides quantitative results that can be used to see if any changes in the stream’s health have occurred. Five testing sites along Mill Run have been chosen for this project. Water chemistry tests and macroinvertebrate sampling were performed at each of the sites. Comparison between water chemistry data and the macroinvertebrate index of biotic integrity (IBI) from 2011 and this project (2025) was used to determine if there have been any changes in the water quality of Mill Run. This project’s data indicates that Mill Run has experienced some positive changes in water chemistry, but the IBI scores still indicate that the stream is not suitable for aquatic life. Future water quality monitoring should be conducted on Mill Run using the same protocols and methods used in this project to ensure consistent results and allow researchers and community members to understand the condition of Mill Run over time.
Title: Literary Exploration of the Barataria Bay Disaster: Saving Bottlenose Dolphins in the Face of Catastrophe
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are one of the most well-known keystone species of the sea. This recognizable dolphin species supports their ecosystem through predation, habitat stimulation, and nutrient cycling (Born Free). Tursiops truncatus are found across the globe in both temperate and tropical waters, including Barataria Bay, Louisiana. This bay resides in the Northern center of the Gulf of Mexico, and one of the largest T. truncatus pods in the Gulf of Mexico resides here. This pod lost almost half of their 4,000-individual population size due to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, and it now faces another ecological hazard: the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion Project (MBSD). The MBSD aims to restore eroded marshland by depositing large amounts of sediment and freshwater into Barataria Bay. This construction would bring back species that once depended on this marshland but will be detrimental to the T. truncatus pod. Tursiops truncatus are known for their high site fidelity, even with lowering salinities, a decision that will lead to their extirpation. The MBSD contains a Dolphin Intervention Plan, but it focuses only on remote observations and what to do when a deceased T. truncatus individual is found. The goal of this research was to create a more appropriate and in-depth conservation management plan for the Barataria Bay T. truncatus pod. After a large-scale literature analysis, a new dolphin intervention plan was created using a 4-tier approach. Each tier represents a worsening ecological situation, and as they progress to 4, Barataria Bay and the T. truncatus pod within it fall further and further away from the possibility of successful rehabilitation, emphasizing human intervention as a tool to help as many T. truncatus individuals as possible. Efforts such as technological development, rehabilitation, observation, deterrence, and cooperation with the MBSD project itself were all included in this plan.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are one of the most well-known keystone species of the sea. This recognizable dolphin species supports their ecosystem through predation, habitat stimulation, and nutrient cycling (Born Free). Tursiops truncatus are found across the globe in both temperate and tropical waters, including Barataria Bay, Louisiana. This bay resides in the Northern center of the Gulf of Mexico, and one of the largest T. truncatus pods in the Gulf of Mexico resides here. This pod lost almost half of their 4,000-individual population size due to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010, and it now faces another ecological hazard: the Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion Project (MBSD). The MBSD aims to restore eroded marshland by depositing large amounts of sediment and freshwater into Barataria Bay. This construction would bring back species that once depended on this marshland but will be detrimental to the T. truncatus pod. Tursiops truncatus are known for their high site fidelity, even with lowering salinities, a decision that will lead to their extirpation. The MBSD contains a Dolphin Intervention Plan, but it focuses only on remote observations and what to do when a deceased T. truncatus individual is found. The goal of this research was to create a more appropriate and in-depth conservation management plan for the Barataria Bay T. truncatus pod. After a large-scale literature analysis, a new dolphin intervention plan was created using a 4-tier approach. Each tier represents a worsening ecological situation, and as they progress to 4, Barataria Bay and the T. truncatus pod within it fall further and further away from the possibility of successful rehabilitation, emphasizing human intervention as a tool to help as many T. truncatus individuals as possible. Efforts such as technological development, rehabilitation, observation, deterrence, and cooperation with the MBSD project itself were all included in this plan.
Title: Foraging Fundamentals: Assessing Foraging Perceptions and Knowledge in Meadville, PA
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As climate change worsens, current food systems are becoming inviable while the demand for food increases. Moreover, rates of food insecurity, limited access to sufficient and/or nutritious food, and food apartheid (places with higher rates of food insecurity usually due to systemic decisions) in urban areas continue to rise. Research from the past 15 years has shown that foraging in urban areas can be used to help mitigate food insecurity. However, little research into alternative foodways such as foraging has been conducted in these locations. Meadville, an urban town of around 13,000 people located in northwestern Pennsylvania, suffers from high rates of food insecurity. So far, there has been no research into the viability of foraging as a means to mitigate food insecurity there. To address this gap, this study assessed perceptions and knowledge of foraging and general plant knowledge among Meadville residents through a thirty-minute focus group with nine participants. Findings show that the practice of foraging is viewed positively in general, while urban foraging is viewed more negatively due to complex interactions between an individual’s foraging experiences and knowledge, encountered barriers, and practices used to mitigate these barriers. The results of this study suggest that foraging cannot currently be used to help mitigate food insecurity and that foraging is more of a leisure activity in Meadville.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: As climate change worsens, current food systems are becoming inviable while the demand for food increases. Moreover, rates of food insecurity, limited access to sufficient and/or nutritious food, and food apartheid (places with higher rates of food insecurity usually due to systemic decisions) in urban areas continue to rise. Research from the past 15 years has shown that foraging in urban areas can be used to help mitigate food insecurity. However, little research into alternative foodways such as foraging has been conducted in these locations. Meadville, an urban town of around 13,000 people located in northwestern Pennsylvania, suffers from high rates of food insecurity. So far, there has been no research into the viability of foraging as a means to mitigate food insecurity there. To address this gap, this study assessed perceptions and knowledge of foraging and general plant knowledge among Meadville residents through a thirty-minute focus group with nine participants. Findings show that the practice of foraging is viewed positively in general, while urban foraging is viewed more negatively due to complex interactions between an individual’s foraging experiences and knowledge, encountered barriers, and practices used to mitigate these barriers. The results of this study suggest that foraging cannot currently be used to help mitigate food insecurity and that foraging is more of a leisure activity in Meadville.
Title: Instilling Sustainability Literacy in Allegheny College Students: An Analysis of Three Potential Programs
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: There is an increased need for knowledge of sustainability as the climate crisis threatens the future of humanity. Green jobs are increasing as a share of the job market, but there is a skills gap because many higher education institutions are lacking in their ability to educate their broader student body about sustainability, including its social, economic, and environmental dimensions. While Allegheny College prides itself as a sustainable campus and has a robust Environmental Science degree program, it has not yet implemented any programs to broaden sustainability education to the larger student body. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the suitability of three sustainable education programs: a sustainability distribution requirement, an environmental science minor, and a sustainability microcredential, for implementation at Allegheny. I used a series of student and faculty surveys, staff interviews, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses to determine which program would have the most positive impact on campus based on criteria related to student and faculty workload, general interest, barriers to implementation, and benefits to students and the college. I determined the sustainability microcredential to be most suitable overall, followed very closely by the environmental science minor, while I determined the sustainability distribution requirement to be least suitable. I recommend that the college and ESS department implement both the microcredential and minor because they will provide a greater number of students with the green skills needed to close the gap in the workforce.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: There is an increased need for knowledge of sustainability as the climate crisis threatens the future of humanity. Green jobs are increasing as a share of the job market, but there is a skills gap because many higher education institutions are lacking in their ability to educate their broader student body about sustainability, including its social, economic, and environmental dimensions. While Allegheny College prides itself as a sustainable campus and has a robust Environmental Science degree program, it has not yet implemented any programs to broaden sustainability education to the larger student body. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the suitability of three sustainable education programs: a sustainability distribution requirement, an environmental science minor, and a sustainability microcredential, for implementation at Allegheny. I used a series of student and faculty surveys, staff interviews, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analyses to determine which program would have the most positive impact on campus based on criteria related to student and faculty workload, general interest, barriers to implementation, and benefits to students and the college. I determined the sustainability microcredential to be most suitable overall, followed very closely by the environmental science minor, while I determined the sustainability distribution requirement to be least suitable. I recommend that the college and ESS department implement both the microcredential and minor because they will provide a greater number of students with the green skills needed to close the gap in the workforce.
Title: Landscaping for Good: Reintroducing Native Plants to the Allegheny Campus
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to argue for the necessity of and to research, design, and propose a perennial garden space at Allegheny College designed under conventional landscape aesthetics while yielding benefits for insects. The majority of locally native herbivorous insect species feed exclusively on locally native plants; thus, increasing populations of native plants can support insect life. Through this project, I aim to create garden spaces on campus that can serve as a place of refuge and habitat for native insects as well as other animal species. I composed a total of six unique landscape designs for three garden beds, each centered around a design theme or pattern and with the underlying goal of providing food and habitat for native wildlife. Furthermore, I have provided for the installation and maintenance of this space, as well as the expansion of the project to additional locations. This project, as well as further expansion and use of the landscaping principles outlined here, has the potential to significantly increase the value of wildlife habitat on the Allegheny College campus and to inspire and inform similar projects elsewhere.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to argue for the necessity of and to research, design, and propose a perennial garden space at Allegheny College designed under conventional landscape aesthetics while yielding benefits for insects. The majority of locally native herbivorous insect species feed exclusively on locally native plants; thus, increasing populations of native plants can support insect life. Through this project, I aim to create garden spaces on campus that can serve as a place of refuge and habitat for native insects as well as other animal species. I composed a total of six unique landscape designs for three garden beds, each centered around a design theme or pattern and with the underlying goal of providing food and habitat for native wildlife. Furthermore, I have provided for the installation and maintenance of this space, as well as the expansion of the project to additional locations. This project, as well as further expansion and use of the landscaping principles outlined here, has the potential to significantly increase the value of wildlife habitat on the Allegheny College campus and to inspire and inform similar projects elsewhere.
Title: White Man’s Footstep: Plantago Major and Colonization in North America
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plantago major, or Broadleaf Plantain, is Native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced around the world including North America. Plantago major teaches us that staying neutral is being complicit; we must actively put effort into mending and reestablishing not only land but social and political space for Indigenous communities and dismantling systemic racism.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plantago major, or Broadleaf Plantain, is Native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced around the world including North America. Plantago major teaches us that staying neutral is being complicit; we must actively put effort into mending and reestablishing not only land but social and political space for Indigenous communities and dismantling systemic racism.
The plant has a long, complex history of distribution and commensalism with humans, especially as a medicinal and nutritious food, in its native and introduced ranges (Iwanycki et al, 2022). This plant has many ecological benefits for its environment by breaking up compact soil (Richards, 2021). Plantago major tells an intricate, intersectional story of the land and the people interacting with it, particularly of settler colonialism in North America. By analyzing Plantago major from a historical and ethnobotanical perspective, this miraculous herb reveals a history of colonial systems that target Black and Indigenous communities in and serves as a model for people living on stolen land and the importance of decolonizing North America. Foraging can be a way to learn about the biological colonization of the local landscape and take steps to dismantle systems that target Black and Indigenous communities. The goal of the research is to explore how colonialism has impacted the biological landscape and land policies in North America by focusing on Plantago major. By analyzing Plantago major from a historical and ethnobotanical perspective, I hope to acknowledge and resist colonial systems that are still in place.
Title: Comparing soil organic matter and nitrogen content to corn field treatments utilizing no-till, tillage, and cover cropping in Waterford, Pennsylvania.
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Agriculture has changed throughout history into what it is today. Present large-scale grain farming operations have dominated the United States and pose concerns with soil health and environmental sustainability. Tillage of monoculture crop fields has resulted in loss of topsoil with consistent erosion, ultimately leading to devastating losses of nutrients including nitrogen and soil organic matter, both of which are responsible for soil health, and plant function. More recent sustainable treatments on large-scale fields including no-till and cover cropping help to mitigate the environmental impact of agriculture while maintaining profitable yields, but research has focused on the midwest region of the United States. This study investigates the correlation between the decision to utilize cover cropping with tillage and no-till grain farming, and soil organic matter and nitrogen content in Waterford, Pennsylvania. Results show that the combination of no-till and cover cropping field treatments supports the highest amount of both soil organic matter and nitrogen, while tillage without cover crops held the lowest. This research suggests adopting sustainable farming practices in Erie County, Pennsylvania increases soil health, which is linked to higher yields, carbon sequestration, and mitigation of soil and surrounding ecosystem degradation. Further research should be conducted on this response to yield and profitability to farmers in this area, and an economic analysis on the feasibility to transition from tillage to no-till systems.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Agriculture has changed throughout history into what it is today. Present large-scale grain farming operations have dominated the United States and pose concerns with soil health and environmental sustainability. Tillage of monoculture crop fields has resulted in loss of topsoil with consistent erosion, ultimately leading to devastating losses of nutrients including nitrogen and soil organic matter, both of which are responsible for soil health, and plant function. More recent sustainable treatments on large-scale fields including no-till and cover cropping help to mitigate the environmental impact of agriculture while maintaining profitable yields, but research has focused on the midwest region of the United States. This study investigates the correlation between the decision to utilize cover cropping with tillage and no-till grain farming, and soil organic matter and nitrogen content in Waterford, Pennsylvania. Results show that the combination of no-till and cover cropping field treatments supports the highest amount of both soil organic matter and nitrogen, while tillage without cover crops held the lowest. This research suggests adopting sustainable farming practices in Erie County, Pennsylvania increases soil health, which is linked to higher yields, carbon sequestration, and mitigation of soil and surrounding ecosystem degradation. Further research should be conducted on this response to yield and profitability to farmers in this area, and an economic analysis on the feasibility to transition from tillage to no-till systems.
Title: Determination of Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) Removal to Improve Teal (Spatula discors/Anas carolinensis) Habitat in Ohio.
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) is an invasive aquatic plant species that is harming mudflat habitats. Mudflats are an essential ecosystem at Winous Point, near Port Clinton, Ohio, due to teal (Spatula discors and Anas carolinensis) hunting in the fall. Winous Point controls flowering rush in order to improve their mudflat habitats which are an important ecosystem for their business as they provide habitat for teal species. The degradation of this habitat through the introduction of flowering rush is a concern for the Winous staff. This project focuses on identifying the most effective treatment method for removing flowering rush in the coastal mudflat wetlands of Lake Erie’s Southwestern region. Eight treatments including herbicide application (2, 4-D and Glyphosate) and clipping treatments, either individually or in combination. Plots were set up in naturally occurring flowering rush areas. Before and after treatment, the number of flowering rush stalks was counted and categorized dead, dying, regrowth, or alive. Based on this study, the best method to control flowering rush in mudflat habitats that teal use is to use glyphosate. Controlling flowering rush is a conservation priority for maintaining waterfowl populations and supporting the broader ecological services provided by wetlands.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus) is an invasive aquatic plant species that is harming mudflat habitats. Mudflats are an essential ecosystem at Winous Point, near Port Clinton, Ohio, due to teal (Spatula discors and Anas carolinensis) hunting in the fall. Winous Point controls flowering rush in order to improve their mudflat habitats which are an important ecosystem for their business as they provide habitat for teal species. The degradation of this habitat through the introduction of flowering rush is a concern for the Winous staff. This project focuses on identifying the most effective treatment method for removing flowering rush in the coastal mudflat wetlands of Lake Erie’s Southwestern region. Eight treatments including herbicide application (2, 4-D and Glyphosate) and clipping treatments, either individually or in combination. Plots were set up in naturally occurring flowering rush areas. Before and after treatment, the number of flowering rush stalks was counted and categorized dead, dying, regrowth, or alive. Based on this study, the best method to control flowering rush in mudflat habitats that teal use is to use glyphosate. Controlling flowering rush is a conservation priority for maintaining waterfowl populations and supporting the broader ecological services provided by wetlands.
Title: Packaged and Ready for Game Time: A study of Allegheny Athletics Relationship with Plastic
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plastic waste has proliferated the entirety of the Earth’s environment. Microplastics can be found interwoven from the peaks of mountains, to the depths of the oceans, with unknown ramifications for the health of the planet and its life forms. This issue implicates all types of organizations large and small. Allegheny College is an institution that prides itself on sustainability and environmentalism, however the Athletic Department has had minimal interaction with the school’s Sustainability Department. This project set out to be an investigation of the Allegheny College Athletic Department’s consumption of plastic, through the analysis of its purchasing records. That task proved to have several roadblocks that could not be overcome during the duration of this project. In response to these roadblocks, I reviewed three plastic products that came up in my investigation: polyester clothing, bottles, and packaging. The review examines literature detailing the environmental impact of these products across the world. My review also examined social and economic factors that have resulted in plastic waste proliferating the environment. From this investigation and review, I posit three recommendations for the college. The first is to create a more robust system of accounting for purchases, which includes written descriptions of items and the packaging containing said item. The second is to replace disposable bottles for reusable bottles on buses to competitions. The third is to reduce the amount of clothing that is purchased for individual athletes. These recommendations will help Allegheny College better understand Athletic’s plastic waste generation and reduce the amount of plastic waste generated.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Plastic waste has proliferated the entirety of the Earth’s environment. Microplastics can be found interwoven from the peaks of mountains, to the depths of the oceans, with unknown ramifications for the health of the planet and its life forms. This issue implicates all types of organizations large and small. Allegheny College is an institution that prides itself on sustainability and environmentalism, however the Athletic Department has had minimal interaction with the school’s Sustainability Department. This project set out to be an investigation of the Allegheny College Athletic Department’s consumption of plastic, through the analysis of its purchasing records. That task proved to have several roadblocks that could not be overcome during the duration of this project. In response to these roadblocks, I reviewed three plastic products that came up in my investigation: polyester clothing, bottles, and packaging. The review examines literature detailing the environmental impact of these products across the world. My review also examined social and economic factors that have resulted in plastic waste proliferating the environment. From this investigation and review, I posit three recommendations for the college. The first is to create a more robust system of accounting for purchases, which includes written descriptions of items and the packaging containing said item. The second is to replace disposable bottles for reusable bottles on buses to competitions. The third is to reduce the amount of clothing that is purchased for individual athletes. These recommendations will help Allegheny College better understand Athletic’s plastic waste generation and reduce the amount of plastic waste generated.
Title: Watershed Management in Pennsylvania: Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Access to clean drinking water is a pressing environmental issue. The indispensibility of clean drinking water demands effective management of water resources. Watersheds are a natural unit for managing water, but are notoriously difficult to effectively govern due to political boundaries. Most research on watershed management examines watersheds that cross national and state borders, while less focuses on watersheds that cross county and municipal borders. To gain insight into watersheds of this scale, and specifically those in the state of Pennsylvania, this project examined two Pennsylvania rivers as case studies for watershed management, the Schuylkill River and Lehigh River. Using data from existing sources, it studied the quality of drinking water sourced from both watersheds, and examined how governance differs between the two, identifying strengths and weaknesses of governance in both regions. In general, the Schuylkill River features a more unified approach to governance than the Lehigh River does. In both cases, watershed management is the responsibility of many different entities, and in both cases is limited by an inability to regulate each watershed as a single unit, a finding that echoes prior research. Water governance and consequently drinking water quality might be improved in both regions through new top-down directives to spur further action on water quality, and facilitate management on the scale of the entire watershed.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Access to clean drinking water is a pressing environmental issue. The indispensibility of clean drinking water demands effective management of water resources. Watersheds are a natural unit for managing water, but are notoriously difficult to effectively govern due to political boundaries. Most research on watershed management examines watersheds that cross national and state borders, while less focuses on watersheds that cross county and municipal borders. To gain insight into watersheds of this scale, and specifically those in the state of Pennsylvania, this project examined two Pennsylvania rivers as case studies for watershed management, the Schuylkill River and Lehigh River. Using data from existing sources, it studied the quality of drinking water sourced from both watersheds, and examined how governance differs between the two, identifying strengths and weaknesses of governance in both regions. In general, the Schuylkill River features a more unified approach to governance than the Lehigh River does. In both cases, watershed management is the responsibility of many different entities, and in both cases is limited by an inability to regulate each watershed as a single unit, a finding that echoes prior research. Water governance and consequently drinking water quality might be improved in both regions through new top-down directives to spur further action on water quality, and facilitate management on the scale of the entire watershed.
Title: Unraveling Jackson’s Water Crisis: A Study of Jackson, Mississippi vs. Flint, Michigan
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The ongoing water crisis in Jackson, Mississippi, exemplifies the severe water quality challenges millions of Americans face due to crumbling infrastructure, systemic neglect, and environmental injustices. Jackson’s predominantly Black population has grappled with a “slow-moving disaster” of repeated boil advisories, water shortages, and contaminated water for decades, rooted in long-standing racial inequities and chronic underinvestment. This paper examines the root causes through a comprehensive case study analysis of historical events, demographic shifts, policies, and socioeconomic factors that contributed to the crisis. It conducts a comparative analysis with Flint, Michigan, which faced similar challenges, shedding light on effective strategies and pitfalls. The paper synthesizes policy guidance from experts on water equity and justice issues to inform an integrated framework tailored to Jackson’s circumstances. The culminating case study report diagnoses the root causes and provides evidence-based policy recommendations encompassing robust infrastructure investment, equitable governance mechanisms, community engagement, and measures to combat environmental racism. By examining this case through a multifaceted lens, the research contributes to discourses on urban water equity, environmental justice, and the urgent need to uphold the human right to clean, safe, and affordable water for all communities.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: The ongoing water crisis in Jackson, Mississippi, exemplifies the severe water quality challenges millions of Americans face due to crumbling infrastructure, systemic neglect, and environmental injustices. Jackson’s predominantly Black population has grappled with a “slow-moving disaster” of repeated boil advisories, water shortages, and contaminated water for decades, rooted in long-standing racial inequities and chronic underinvestment. This paper examines the root causes through a comprehensive case study analysis of historical events, demographic shifts, policies, and socioeconomic factors that contributed to the crisis. It conducts a comparative analysis with Flint, Michigan, which faced similar challenges, shedding light on effective strategies and pitfalls. The paper synthesizes policy guidance from experts on water equity and justice issues to inform an integrated framework tailored to Jackson’s circumstances. The culminating case study report diagnoses the root causes and provides evidence-based policy recommendations encompassing robust infrastructure investment, equitable governance mechanisms, community engagement, and measures to combat environmental racism. By examining this case through a multifaceted lens, the research contributes to discourses on urban water equity, environmental justice, and the urgent need to uphold the human right to clean, safe, and affordable water for all communities.
Title: Eco-Friendly Stadiums: A comparative analysis of sustainability measures at three large-scale venues
Date: Spring 2025
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Large-scale stadiums serve as year-round venues for some of the world’s largest events, including sports games and concerts which boost the cultural and economic value of the country by bringing people together and boosting local economies. However, increasing climate-related issues and growing pressure from the public has led to a need for change in how sustainability is managed at stadiums.
Major(s): Environmental Science
Thesis Committee: Environmental Science & Sustainability
Abstract: Large-scale stadiums serve as year-round venues for some of the world’s largest events, including sports games and concerts which boost the cultural and economic value of the country by bringing people together and boosting local economies. However, increasing climate-related issues and growing pressure from the public has led to a need for change in how sustainability is managed at stadiums.
The purpose of this research was to complete a comparative analysis of three different large-scale stadiums across the Great Lakes region of the United States to outline sustainability measures regarding energy efficiency and waste reduction. The three venues were Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Paycor Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio. The three sites were compared against Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia as it is cited as a leader in sustainability but did not fit the criteria to be included in this study.
The findings of this research illustrate that all three stadiums are reducing waste, but only two of the stadiums are managing their energy consumption. Additionally, there is a need for more transparent sustainability measures due to the lack of peer-reviewed literature discussing stadium sustainability. The majority of the research for this project was completed through stadium websites, press releases, and online news articles. Some stadium websites are lacking sustainability information at all. Further research could address food waste at large-scale stadiums as there is a gap in available information on the topic.